“…Since then, several materials have been investigated and not only pure metals were explored but also metals, ceramics modified with biocompatible coatings, and polymers. Some examples include calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite (HA) [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]; some metal alloys, such as nickel-titanium (NiTi), stainless steel, and Vitallium (a cobalt-chrome alloy composed of 65% Co, 30% Cr, and 5% Mo) [ 7 ]; ceramic cements like alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ) and zirconia (ZrO 2 ) [ 4 ]; and polymers such as sulfonated poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK), poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), and polylactic acid (PLA) [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”