“…Recently, it has been found that the overexpression of several genes related to K + transporters and channels can increase the tolerance to K + deficiency. Among these, we can highlight the gene OsPRX2, which causes stomata closure [ 315 ]; the gene HAK, which is directly related to K + uptake under low soil K + availability [ 220 ]; or genes related to root elongation favoring higher K + uptake [ 316 ]. Thus, there is a great opportunity to genetically improve several crop species to improve potassium-use efficiency and help solve the problem of K + scarcity in soils and the access to potassium fertility in future markets [ 123 , 272 ].…”
Section: K and Food Security And Human Healthmentioning
Potassium, mostly as a cation (K+), together with calcium (Ca2+) are the most abundant inorganic chemicals in plant cellular media, but they are rarely discussed. K+ is not a component of molecular or macromolecular plant structures, thus it is more difficult to link it to concrete metabolic pathways than nitrogen or phosphorus. Over the last two decades, many studies have reported on the role of K+ in several physiological functions, including controlling cellular growth and wood formation, xylem–phloem water content and movement, nutrient and metabolite transport, and stress responses. In this paper, we present an overview of contemporary findings associating K+ with various plant functions, emphasizing plant-mediated responses to environmental abiotic and biotic shifts and stresses by controlling transmembrane potentials and water, nutrient, and metabolite transport. These essential roles of K+ account for its high concentrations in the most active plant organs, such as leaves, and are consistent with the increasing number of ecological and agricultural studies that report K+ as a key element in the function and structure of terrestrial ecosystems, crop production, and global food security. We synthesized these roles from an integrated perspective, considering the metabolic and physiological functions of individual plants and their complex roles in terrestrial ecosystem functions and food security within the current context of ongoing global change. Thus, we provide a bridge between studies of K+ at the plant and ecological levels to ultimately claim that K+ should be considered at least at a level similar to N and P in terrestrial ecological studies.
“…Recently, it has been found that the overexpression of several genes related to K + transporters and channels can increase the tolerance to K + deficiency. Among these, we can highlight the gene OsPRX2, which causes stomata closure [ 315 ]; the gene HAK, which is directly related to K + uptake under low soil K + availability [ 220 ]; or genes related to root elongation favoring higher K + uptake [ 316 ]. Thus, there is a great opportunity to genetically improve several crop species to improve potassium-use efficiency and help solve the problem of K + scarcity in soils and the access to potassium fertility in future markets [ 123 , 272 ].…”
Section: K and Food Security And Human Healthmentioning
Potassium, mostly as a cation (K+), together with calcium (Ca2+) are the most abundant inorganic chemicals in plant cellular media, but they are rarely discussed. K+ is not a component of molecular or macromolecular plant structures, thus it is more difficult to link it to concrete metabolic pathways than nitrogen or phosphorus. Over the last two decades, many studies have reported on the role of K+ in several physiological functions, including controlling cellular growth and wood formation, xylem–phloem water content and movement, nutrient and metabolite transport, and stress responses. In this paper, we present an overview of contemporary findings associating K+ with various plant functions, emphasizing plant-mediated responses to environmental abiotic and biotic shifts and stresses by controlling transmembrane potentials and water, nutrient, and metabolite transport. These essential roles of K+ account for its high concentrations in the most active plant organs, such as leaves, and are consistent with the increasing number of ecological and agricultural studies that report K+ as a key element in the function and structure of terrestrial ecosystems, crop production, and global food security. We synthesized these roles from an integrated perspective, considering the metabolic and physiological functions of individual plants and their complex roles in terrestrial ecosystem functions and food security within the current context of ongoing global change. Thus, we provide a bridge between studies of K+ at the plant and ecological levels to ultimately claim that K+ should be considered at least at a level similar to N and P in terrestrial ecological studies.
“…The best-described mechanism is that mediated by abscisic acid that recruits calcium ions, nitric oxide (NO), H 2 O 2 and regulatory phosphorylation [ 193 , 194 ]. Guard cells generate H 2 O 2 by means of amine oxidases [ 195 ], peroxidases and RBOHs [ 196 , 197 ]. The activity of RBOHs is regulated by Ca 2+ binding [ 198 ] and phosphorylation by protein kinase OST1 (OPEN STOMATA 1) [ 199 ], which in turn is regulated by abscisic acid and interacts with a peroxiporin [ 200 , 201 ].…”
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is steadily gaining more attention in the field of molecular biology research. It is a major REDOX (reduction–oxidation reaction) metabolite and at high concentrations induces oxidative damage to biomolecules, which can culminate in cell death. However, at concentrations in the low nanomolar range, H2O2 acts as a signalling molecule and in many aspects, resembles phytohormones. Though its signalling network in plants is much less well characterized than are those of its counterparts in yeast or mammals, accumulating evidence indicates that the role of H2O2-mediated signalling in plant cells is possibly even more indispensable. In this review, we summarize hydrogen peroxide metabolism in plants, the sources and sinks of this compound and its transport via peroxiporins. We outline H2O2 perception, its direct and indirect effects and known targets in the transcriptional machinery. We focus on the role of H2O2 in plant growth and development and discuss the crosstalk between it and phytohormones. In addition to a literature review, we performed a meta-analysis of available transcriptomics data which provided further evidence for crosstalk between H2O2 and light, nutrient signalling, temperature stress, drought stress and hormonal pathways.
“…Of note, GPX3 based on the phenotype of Arabidopsis mutants and on its ability to interact with ABA-related signalling actors was presumed to act as both a ROS scavenger and a redox transducer in guard cells (Miao et al, 2006). Changes in stomatal functioning have been also reported in plants modified for the abundance of plastidial 2-CysPRXs (Mao et al, 2018), mitochondrial TRXs o1 and h2 (Calderón et al, 2018;da Fonseca-Pereira et al, 2019), or cytosolic GRXS17 (Hu et al, 2017).…”
Stomatal movements via the control of gas exchanges determine plant growth in relation to environmental stimuli through a complex signalling network involving reactive oxygen species that lead to post-translational modifications of Cys and Met residues, and alter protein activity and/or conformation. Thiol-reductases (TRs), which include thioredoxins, glutaredoxins (GRXs) and peroxiredoxins (PRXs), participate in signalling pathways through the control of Cys redox status in client proteins.Their involvement in stomatal functioning remains poorly characterized. By performing a mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, we show that numerous thiol reductases, like PRXs, are highly abundant in guard cells. When investigating various Arabidopsis mutants impaired in the expression of TR genes, no change in stomatal density and index was noticed. In optimal growth conditions, a line deficient in cytosolic NADPH-thioredoxin reductases displayed higher stomatal conductance and lower leaf temperature evaluated by thermal infrared imaging. In contrast, lines deficient in plastidial 2-CysPRXs or type-II GRXs exhibited compared to WT reduced conductance and warmer leaves in optimal conditions, and enhanced stomatal closure in epidermal peels treated with abscisic acid or hydrogen peroxide. Altogether, these data strongly support the contribution of thiol redox switches within the signalling network regulating guard cell movements and stomatal functioning.
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