“…Several investigations have revealed key regulators of both tapetum development and exine formation in rice. These include four bHLH TFs (UDT1, TDR, TIP2/OsbHLH142, and EAT1/DTD) (Fu et al., 2014; Ji et al., 2013; Jung et al., 2005; Ko et al., 2014; Li et al., 2006; Niu, Liang, et al., 2013), three MYB TFs (GAMYB, OsMS188/OsMYB80/OsMYB103, and OsTDF1) (Aya et al., 2009; Cai et al., 2015; Han et al., 2021; Lei et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2010; Pan et al., 2020), two PHD‐finger TFs (PTC1/OsMS1 and TIP3) (Li et al., 2011; Yang, Liu, et al., 2019; Yang, Sun, et al., 2019), and an AHL domain‐containing TF (PTC2) (Uzair et al., 2019). In this study, we present the cytological observations, expression analysis, and biochemical findings on the critical regulatory role of AMD1, a novel transcription activator involved in rice tapetum degradation and exine formation.…”