Orthoptic Investigative Procedures

Rowe, Fiona

doi:10.1002/9781118702871.ch4

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…7,23 We defined near point of convergence as the closest point at which one eye diverges outwards. 9,23,37 Across the literature, near point of convergence and near point of convergence – break are sometimes used interchangeably. For instance, near point of convergence has been defined as the point “when the target blurs, jumps or becomes double,” 37 “when [the participant] saw 2 distinct images,” 31 and “when the patient reported diplopia”.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31,36 In our measurement procedure, participants fixated on a target that the clinician moved towards their eyes in free space as used by some clinicians and researchers in the concussion field. 29 Others used an accommodative target, such as the Royal Air Force (RAF) rule, 7,37 or Astron International (ACR/21) Accommodative Rule. 13,22,36,40 The RAF rule had good (ICC=0.84) test-retest reliability for near point of convergence in 3 subjects with idiopathic neck pain and 7 healthy subjects, but the test interval was only specified as less than one-week.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tests of binocular vision (BVTs) and ocular motility over the last 70 years 9 include 9,23,37 : gross stereoscopic acuity, near point of convergence - break (i.e. double vision), phoria at 30cm and 3m, positive and negative fusional vergence at 30cm and 3m, and saccadic eye movement assessment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One-week test-retest reliability of nine binocular tests and saccades used in concussion

Long

Schuster

Steele

et al. 2019

Preprint

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BackgroundTests of binocular vision (BVTs) and ocular motility are used in concussion assessment and management.PurposeTo determine the one-week test-retest reliability of 9 binocular vision tests (BVTs) and a test of saccades proposed for use in concussion management.Study DesignProspective test-retest.MethodsWe examined the one-week test-retest reliability of 9 BVTs in healthy participants: 3D vision (gross stereoscopic acuity), phoria at 30cm and 3m, ability of eyes to move/fixate in-sync (positive and negative fusional vergence at 30cm and 3m, near point of convergence and near point of convergence – break [i.e. double vision]) and 1 ocular motor test, saccades.ResultsWe tested 10 males and 10 females without concussion and a mean age of 25.5 (4.1) years. The intraclass correlations suggest good reliability for phoria 3m (0.88) and gross stereoscopic acuity (0.86), and moderate reliability for phoria 30cm (0.69), near point of convergence (0.54), positive fusional vergence (0.54) and negative fusional vergence (0.66) at 30cm, and near point of convergence - break (0.64). There was poor reliability for saccades (0.34), and both positive and negative fusional vergence (0.49 and 0.43, respectively) at 3m. Limits of agreement (LoA) were best for saccade (±34%) and worst for phoria 30 cm (±121%) and ranged from ±58% to ±70% for 7 of the 8 other tests. The LoA for phoria at 3m were uninformative because measurements for 18 of 20 participants were identical.ConclusionWe found test-retest reliability of the BVTs and saccades ranging from poor to good in healthy participants, with the majority being moderate.Clinical RelevanceFor these vision tests to be clinically useful, the effect of concussion must have a moderate to large effect on the scores of most of the tests.What is known about the subjectConcussions may affect some parts of visual function1-week test-retest reliability for most visual tests is under-studiedWhat this study adds to existing knowledgeWe provide intra-class coefficients and limits of agreement for 10 different visual function tests commonly conducted by clinicians in patients with concussion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One-week test-retest reliability of nine binocular tests and saccades used in concussion

Long

Schuster

Steele

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Anaglyphic tests use polarized or red/green glasses to present two different images at the two eyes, and they are based on printed cards with different symbols or patterns. Some of these tests are the Randot, TNO, and Titmus Fly Test [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of stereoacuity with a digital mobile application

Bonfanti

Gargantini

Esposito³

et al. 2021

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Purpose Stereopsis is a fundamental skill in human vision and visual actions. There are many ways to test and quantify stereoacuity: traditional paper and new digital applications are both valid ways to test the stereoacuity. The aim of this study is to compare the results obtained using standard tests and the new Stereoacuity Test App developed by the University of Bergamo. Methods A group of 497 children (272 males), aged between 6 and 11 years old, were tested using different tests for the quantification of stereopsis at near. These tests were TNO, Weiss EKW, and the new developed Stereoacuity Test App. Results A one-way repeated measure ANOVA showed that the three tests give different thresholds of stereoacuity (p < 0.0001). Post hoc analyses with Bonferroni correction showed that all tests showed different thresholds (p < 0.0001). The lower threshold was obtained by Titmus Stereo Test followed by Stereoacuity App, Weiss MKW, and TNO. Conclusion The stereoacuity based on global stereopsis showed that the better values were obtained in order by Stereoacuity Test App, TNO, and Weiss EKW. However, the clinical significance of their values is similar. The new digital test showed a greater compliance by the child, showing itself in tune with the digital characteristics of today’s children.

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“…Brain et al, 2009;Clark & Rowe, 2002;and Potter et al, 2010. 3. How to conduct a Clinical Audit: The circular pathway (Audit cycle)…”

Section: What Clinical Audit Is Not (In Primary Care)mentioning

confidence: 99%