“…In fact, difficulty in developing the phonological side of this relation has been identified as the core deficit in dyslexia, in that it contributes to difficulties in word recognition, spelling, and decoding that are not anticipated given cognitive proficiency in other areas and competent school instruction (International Dyslexia Association, 2002; Juel, Griffith, & Gough, 1986; Melby‐Lervåg, Lyster, & Hulme, 2012; Savin & Bever,1970; Stanovich & Siegel, 1994). Not surprisingly, then, in addition to supporting explicit phonological awareness and phonics instruction for beginning readers in preschool and primary grades (Clayton, West, Sears, Hulme, & Lervåg, 2020; O’Leary & Ehri, 2020), research also clearly has supported such instruction for students who struggle (Barnes et al, 2020; Fuchs et al, 2002; Scarborough, 2001; Steacy, Elleman, Lovett, & Compton, 2016).…”