Orthographic transparency and grapheme–phoneme conversion: An ERP study in Arabic and French readers

Simon, Grégory; Bernard, Christian; Lalonde, Robert; Rebaı̈, Mohamed

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.071

Cited by 59 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…They found no early effects of phonology in ERPs. Simon et al (2006) found phonological effects at 320 ms (N320) in a lexical decision task.…”

Section: Orthographic and Phonological Processing In The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico‐phonological processing in visual word recognition

Braun¹,

Hutzler²,

Ziegler³

et al. 2008

Human Brain Mapping

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Previous research using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) suggested that phonological processing in visual word recognition occurs rather late, typically after semantic or syntactic processing. Here we show that phonological activation in visual word recognition can be observed much earlier. Using a lexical decision task, we show that ERPs to pseudohomophones (e.g., ROZE) differed from well matched spelling controls (e.g., ROFE) as early as 150 ms (P150) after stimulus onset. The pseudohomophone effect occurred as early as the word frequency effect suggesting that phonological activation occurs early enough to influence lexical access. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography analysis (LORETA) revealed that left temporo-parietal and right fronto-temporal areas are the likely brain regions associated with the processing of phonological information at the lexical level. Altogether, the results show that phonological processes are activated early in visual word recognition and play an important role in lexical access.

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“…They found no early effects of phonology in ERPs. Simon et al (2006) found phonological effects at 320 ms (N320) in a lexical decision task.…”

Section: Orthographic and Phonological Processing In The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico‐phonological processing in visual word recognition

Braun¹,

Hutzler²,

Ziegler³

et al. 2008

Human Brain Mapping

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show abstract

“…By contrast, monolingual Italian readers showed stronger activity than English readers in left superior temporal areas, associated with phonological non-lexical processes. Investigating lexical decision in French-Arabic bilinguals (with Arabic being the relatively deep orthography), Simon, Bernard, Lalonde, and Rebai (2006) showed that the N320, a component associated with spelling-to-sound conversion (Ashby, Sanders, & Kingston, 2009;Bentin, Mouchetant-Rostaing, Giard, Echallier, & Pernier, 1999;Carreiras, Perea, Vergara, & Pollatsek, 2009;Grainger, Kiyonaga, & Holcomb, 2006;Hauk, Davis, Ford, Pulvermuller, & Marslen-Wilson, 2006;Huang, Itoh, Suwazono, & Nakada, 2004;Proverbio, Vecchi, & Zani, 2004;Simon, Bernard, Largy, Lalonde, & Rebai, 2004;Simon et al, 2006), differentiated French and Arabic words. Similarly, Bar-Kochva and Breznitz (2012) showed larger event-related potential amplitudes to a deep (unpointed) than shallow (pointed) version of Hebrew script 340 ms after word-onset when they were presented to Hebrew bilinguals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…by comparing pointed versus unpointed Hebrew scripts (Bar-Kochva & Breznitz, 2012), which may lead to confounds related to unbalanced familiarity and/or frequency across orthographic depth. Finally, bilingual EEG reading studies on the effect of orthographic depth (Bar-Kochva & Breznitz, 2012;Simon et al, 2006) did not perform analysis in the brain space, limiting conclusions about the brain pathways underlying the effects observed at the scalp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balanced bilinguals favor lexical processing in their opaque language and conversion system in their shallow language

et al. 2015

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Referred to as orthographic depth, the degree of consistency of grapheme/phoneme correspondences varies across languages from high in shallow orthographies to low in deep orthographies. The present study investigates the impact of orthographic depth on reading route by analyzing evoked potentials to words in a deep (French) and shallow (German) language presented to highly proficient bilinguals. ERP analyses to German and French words revealed significant topographic modulations 240-280 ms post-stimulus onset, indicative of distinct brain networks engaged in reading over this time window. Source estimations revealed that these effects stemmed from modulations of left insular, inferior frontal and dorsolateral regions (German > French) previously associated to phonological processing. Our results show that reading in a shallow language was associated to a stronger engagement of phonological pathways than reading in a deep language. Thus, the lexical pathways favored in word reading are reinforced by phonological networks more strongly in the shallow than deep orthography.

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“…This is a common problem for most of the previous studies that used real words, pseudowords, letter strings, and false fonts (Bentin et al, 1999;Brem et al, 2006;Martin, Nazir, Thierry, Paulignan, & Demonet, 2006;Maurer et al, 2006), native and foreign words or letters (Liu & Perfetti, 2003;Wong et al, 2005), and different writing systems (Maurer, Zevin, et al, 2008;Simon et al, 2006). The present study aimed to eliminate some of the confounding factors by using logographic novel writings that vary in their character likeness to study the early electrophysiological responses (N170 and P100) to such writings.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initial important stage of reading is visual word recognition that occurs within 200 ms. Neurophysiological research has identified two typical reading-related components, P100 and N170 (also known as P1 and N1) at the occipital and occipito-temporal electrodes, which peak at about 100 ms and 170 ms (Bentin, Mouchetant-Rostaing, Giard, Echallier, & Pernier, 1999;Brem et al, 2006;Simon, Bernard, Lalonde, & Rebai, 2006). N170 has been deemed a category-specific component because of its consistent differences in amplitude and lateralization across words, faces, and other objects (Rossion, Joyce, Cottrell, & Tarr, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

It's a word: Early electrophysiological response to the character likeness of pictographs

et al. 2010

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Using unfamiliar and meaningless pictographs that varied in their degree of similarity to Chinese characters, the current study tested whether the early electrophysiological response was modulated by character likeness. We measured P100 and N170 while 20 native Chinese speakers were viewing Chinese characters, drawings of objects, and pictographs. Comparisons across the three categories of stimuli showed that pictographs elicited a smaller N170 amplitude than did Chinese characters and a stronger N170 amplitude than did objects, but did not differ in the P100 amplitude from the other two categories. Within the category of pictographs, stimuli with a higher degree of character likeness elicited larger N170 amplitudes and shorter N170 peak latencies, and this effect was again not observed in P100. These results suggest that N170 is sensitive to visual stimuli's character likeness even though they are unfamiliar pictographs with no meanings or sounds.

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Orthographic transparency and grapheme–phoneme conversion: An ERP study in Arabic and French readers

Cited by 59 publications

References 54 publications

Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico‐phonological processing in visual word recognition

Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico‐phonological processing in visual word recognition

Balanced bilinguals favor lexical processing in their opaque language and conversion system in their shallow language

It's a word: Early electrophysiological response to the character likeness of pictographs

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