Orthogonality of functions describing power states in electrical circuits in Budeanu's concept

Detection of Power Grid Harmonic Pollution Sources based on Upgraded Power Meters

“…Therefore equations (5), (6), (8), and (13) were coded as an original script. Aiming to simulate realistic cases, we assumed that the voltage contains 3rd harmonics whose amplitude is 3% of fundamental.…”

“…Consequently only a slight intervention within the software (or DSP hardware) enriches the meter with the possibility to provide D according to (13). It is clear that the value of Q in presence of harmonics depends on the applied definition (8), (9), (10) or (11).…”

“…Many authors argued about the usefulness of Q B for quantifying the flow of harmonic nonactive power [6], [7]. However, according to [8], the "postulates of Czarnecki have not won universal recognition". Field measurements and simulations proved that in many situations Q H < 0 , leading to cases where Q B < Q 1 , [7].…”

A Single-Point Method Based on Distortion Power for the Detection of Harmonic Sources in a Power System

“…The usefulness of Q B for quantifying the flow of harmonic nonactive power has been questioned by many authors [6,7]. However, according to [8], the "postulates of Czarnecki have not won universal recognition". Field measurements and simulations presented in [7] proved that in many situations Q H < 0, leading to cases where Q B < Q 1 .…”

Alternative definitions of energy for power meters in non-sinusoidal systems

“…This redesign was generally based on the definitions of Budeanu [2,3]. They were not only an extension of the analysis of sinusoidal signals [4], but also they were not appropriate in all nonlinear loads, mainly because the orthogonally of the power components was only valid in some special loads [5].Consequently, other definitions and power theories were developed by many researchers as: Fryze [6], Akagi [7], Czarnecki [8], Emanuel [9], Tenti [10], among others. Different theories were suitably employed in certain loads and fulfill certain specific objectives [11], but as the standard IEEE 1459-2010 states [12]: ''There is not yet available a generalized power theory that can provide a simultaneous common base for -Energy billing.…”