“…In this section, comparisons of SGO versus OEA, HPSO-TVAC (Self-organizing hierarchical particle swarm optimizer with time-varying acceleration coefficients) [26], APSO (adaptive particle swarm optimization) [27], CLPSO (comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization) [28], OLPSO (orthogonal learning particle swarm optimization)-L [29] and OLPSO-G [29] on nine benchmarks listed in Appendix are carried out. OEA uses 3.0 × 10 5 FEs, HPSO-TVAC, CLPSO, APSO, OLPSO-L and OLPSO-G use 2.0×10 5 FEs, whereas SGO runs for 3 × 10 3 FEs for sphere, schwefel 1.2, schwefel 2.22 function, 1.0×10 2 FEs for step, 4.0×10 2 FEs for rastrigin, noncontinuous rastrigin and griwank, 1.0 × 10 3 FEs for Ackley and quartic function.…”