“…The expression of NR4A1 may be induced via transactivation by several viruses, such as hepatitis B virus, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and adenovirus (Chen et al , 1998; Granberg et al , 2006; Lee et al , 2001; Liu et al , 1999). Furthermore, the interaction of Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 with NR4A1 retains NR4A1 in the nucleus and is thought to be a viral strategy to block apoptosis, whilst the interaction of NR4A1 with human papillomavirus 16 E2 protein has been proposed to modulate viral genome transcription (Lee et al , 2002, 2004; Olejnik-Schmidt et al , 2006). In the present study, we analysed the expression of NR4A1 during HCV infection and explored its role in the HCV life cycle.…”