Oropharyngeal cancer

Abstract

The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in the UK has almost trebled in the last few decades and continues to climb. It is expected that its associated symptoms will become increasingly common presenting complaints in primary care, where early recognition is hugely advantageous for patient outcomes. Thorough history and examination, plus a sound knowledge of associated risk factors, is vital in identifying potential cases, and an understanding of the correct referral pathways ensures patients are appropriately referred to head and neck cancer services. A broad overview of benign differential diagnoses, subsequent investigation and management of oropharyngeal cancers is helpful in order to properly inform and support patients in their next steps.

The Protective Role of Cranberries and Blueberries in Oral Cancer

“…The most common carcinogens in tobacco are benzopyrenes, 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and N -nitrosonornicotine (NNN) [38,39]. The metabolites of these compounds present in tobacco induce mutations that affect DNA replication and the genes involved in the control of cell growth, favoring damage to the oral mucosa and malignant transformation [40,41]. In Asia, a form of smokeless tobacco called Guthka is consumed, which is a mixture of betel nut (Areca catechu), tobacco, and spices.…”

“…Alcohol consumption is a recognized factor in the development of oral and oropharyngeal cancer [12,40]. The main metabolite of alcohol is acetaldehyde, which is involved in DNA synthesis and repair and induces, among many other effects, the exchange of sister chromatids and mutations [40,41]. Alcohol acts as a local irritant chemical when in contact with the oral mucosa.…”