Oromandibular dystonia and hormonal factors: twelve years follow‐up of a case report

Michelotti, A.; Silva, R.; Paduano, Sergio; Cimino, Roberta; Farella, Mauro

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02007.x

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Finally, BTX injections have also been applied in the treatment of oromandibular dystonia, which consists of involuntary spasms of masticatory, lingual, perioral, and/or pharyngeal muscles [24]. This condition usually affects both bellies of the LPM and is characterized by mandibular deflection to the side contralateral to the affected muscle.…”

Section: Results and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Method for Intraoral Access to the Superior Head of the Human Lateral Pterygoid Muscle

Oliveira

Camilo

Bahia

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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Background. The uncoordinated activity of the superior and inferior parts of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) has been suggested to be one of the causes of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc displacement. A therapy for this muscle disorder is the injection of botulinum toxin (BTX), of the LPM. However, there is a potential risk of side effects with the injection guide methods currently available. In addition, they do not permit appropriate differentiation between the two bellies of the muscle. Herein, a novel method is presented to provide intraoral access to the superior head of the human LPM with maximal control and minimal hazards. Methods. Computational tomography along with digital imaging software programs and rapid prototyping techniques were used to create a rapid prototyped guide to orient BTX injections in the superior LPM. Results. The method proved to be feasible and reliable. Furthermore, when tested in one volunteer it allowed precise access to the upper head of LPM, without producing side effects. Conclusions. The prototyped guide presented in this paper is a novel tool that provides intraoral access to the superior head of the LPM. Further studies will be necessary to test the efficacy and validate this method in a larger cohort of subjects.

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Section: Results and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Method for Intraoral Access to the Superior Head of the Human Lateral Pterygoid Muscle

Oliveira

Camilo

Bahia

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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confidence: 99%

“…Hyperactivity or uncoordinated function of the muscle is associated with the mechanisms of some pathological conditions, such as recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation, neurogenic temporomandibular joint dislocation, oromandibular dystonia, lateral pterygoid muscle dystonia, lateral pterygoid muscle spasm in subcondylar and condylar fractures, bruxism with myofascial pain, temporomandibular joint clicking, and stroke-induced trismus, where botulinum toxin type A injection is indicated. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Botulinum toxin type A injection is a safe and effective treatment option for the aforementioned conditions, such as temporomandibular disorders in patients for whom the initial conservative approach has failed. 17 Both intraoral and extraoral approaches are used for botulinum toxin type A injection into the lateral pterygoid muscle.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Novel Injection Technique to the Lateral Pterygoid Muscle for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Cadaveric Study

Demiryürek

Kucukguven

Vargel

2021

Plastic &Amp; Reconstructive Surgery

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Background: Lateral pterygoid muscle activity is associated with the pathological mechanisms of some temporomandibular disorders. The authors aimed to define and demonstrate a novel, practical, and safe technique for botulinum toxin type A injection to the lateral pterygoid muscle based on their findings. Their secondary aims were to standardize the injection pattern according to the variations of the lateral pterygoid muscle and its surrounding anatomical structures, and to establish its advantages over intraoral injection. Methods: Twenty cadaver heads were dissected. The lateral pterygoid muscle and its surrounding structures were investigated for anatomical variations. Based on these findings, a standardized extraoral injection protocol was defined and compared with the intraoral technique for accuracy and safety. Results: The average depth of the lateral pterygoid plate from the skin surface was 49.9 ± 2.2 mm, and the mean width of the lateral pterygoid plate was 10.5 ± 3.9 mm. The extraoral injection approach based on the location of the maxillary tuberosity, tragus, and lateral pterygoid plate was consistent in all dissections for the accuracy of the intramuscular injection. In the intraoral approach, standardization of the entry point of the needle through the oral mucosa is difficult, which makes adjustment of the depth of the injection challenging while increasing the risk of neurovascular injury. Conclusions:The clinical significance of the lateral pterygoid muscle makes it worthwhile to implement minimally invasive treatments before considering more invasive options. The authors define a safe, accurate, and reliable approach with ease of administration in patients with temporomandibular disorders.

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“…2 Indications for pterygoid muscle botox injection include neurogenic TMJ dislocation, recurrent TMJ dislocation, oromandibular dystonia (OMD) particularly LPM dystonia, LPM spasm in condylar fractures, TMJ clicking, bruxism with myofascial pain and stroke-induced trismus. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Several patients with indications for Botox® injection of the pterygoid muscle have been seen by this author, including post cerebro-vascular disease (CVD) dystonia with recurrent TMJ dislocation, bruxism, condylar fracture and oromandibular dystonia, but only the latter had the opportunity to acquire Botox® and the electrode needle (Ambu ® Neuroline Inoject 50mm/2" length x 0.50mm/25 Gauge Calibre, Ambu A/S, Denmark) due to cost constraints. We used a Caldwell Sierra Wave ® V Electromyography (EMG) Machine with v. 10.0.125 software (Caldwell Laboratories, Inc., Kennewick, WA).…”

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confidence: 99%

Pterygoid Botolinum Toxin Injection

Carrillo

2011

Philipp J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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Botolinum is a toxic polypeptide produced by the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum that inhibits acetylcholine release from nerve endings, resulting in reduced neuromuscular transmission and local muscle activity, as well as cholinergic mediated parasympathetic activities.1 Its name is derived from the Latin word botulus, meaning sausage, as its toxicity was initially attributed to the oil of spoiled sausages. Of late, botolinum, packaged in various commercial forms such as onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox® type A, Allergan, Irvine, CA), is popularly used in several medical applications such as blepharospasm, hyperhidrosis and strabismus, and most famously in cosmetic surgery, where Botox® injections are used to eliminate and/or smoothen wrinkles. In otolaryngology, common indications for Botox® injections include management of rhytids, cervical dystonia and spasmodic dysphonia. Another interesting application is pterygoid muscle injection. The lateral pterygoid muscles (LPM) pull the condylar head of the jaw forward, resulting in the opening of the jaw or displacement of the mandible anteriorly or towards the contralateral side, whereas the medial pterygoid muscles (MPM) pull the angle of the jaw upward and anteriorly to close or protrude the jaw, respectively. Increased or unequal activity of these muscles relative to other muscles of mastication and temporomandibular joint ligaments may result in asymmetry, malocclusion, temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction or dislocation.2 Indications for pterygoid muscle botox injection include neurogenic TMJ dislocation, recurrent TMJ dislocation, oromandibular dystonia (OMD) particularly LPM dystonia, LPM spasm in condylar fractures, TMJ clicking, bruxism with myofascial pain and stroke-induced trismus.3-20 Several patients with indications for Botox® injection of the pterygoid muscle have been seen by this author, including post cerebro-vascular disease (CVD) dystonia with recurrent TMJ dislocation, bruxism, condylar fracture and oromandibular dystonia, but only the latter had the opportunity to acquire Botox® and the electrode needle (Ambu® Neuroline Inoject 50mm/2” length x 0.50mm/25 Gauge Calibre, Ambu A/S, Denmark) due to cost constraints. We used a Caldwell Sierra Wave® V Electromyography (EMG) Machine with v. 10.0.125 software (Caldwell Laboratories, Inc., Kennewick, WA). The most exciting parts of performing the procedure are the anatomy and process of identifying the muscle with EMG guidance and the immediate results after injection. Electromyography (EMG) – guided botolinum injection can measure muscle activity by recording muscle depolarization or electrical activity. Using cannula needle electrodes with an open lumen, the muscles are identified by their activity during muscle contraction and then injected with Botox® to decrease muscle activity. Anatomically, the LPM is accessible through the mandibular notch which is directly anterior to the condylar head of the mandible. The latter is easily palpable and is anterior to the external auditory canal (Figure 1). Using a needle electrode, the LPM can be identified by opening the jaw or moving the jaw to the contralateral side.2,21 The MPM is less easily targeted because it generally closes the jaw. However, to further decrease anterior displacement of the jaw, both the LPM and the MPM activity can be decreased. The MPM can be targeted transorally by inserting the EMG electrode medial to the jaw and lateral to the pterygomandiular raphe, piercing through the buccinator muscle. Identifying MPM contraction can be done by biting to occlude the upper and lower jaw. With the cheeks retracted and needle inserted, Botox® injection can be done to lower MPM activity. Clinical outcome can be assessed by measuring inter-incisor distance, mandibular deviation and protrusion, decrease in pain, restoration of masticatory function and proper occlusion. The dosage of botolinum injection in the pterygoid muscles will vary between indications and the specific toxin product used, but is usually in the range of 20 – 30 U/ml. Injection dose is 10 U to 50 U per muscle every three months,20 with a total limit of 200 U for muscles of mastication. In the author’s experience, the 20 units of Botox® wear off at two months after injection in a patient with oromandibular dystonia. Pterygoid Botox® injection can be an important ancillary to rehabilitation disorders of mastication and the TMJ. However, it is not without risk. Various complications have been reported such as changes in salivary consistency, swallowing and speech and facial muscle weakness.20 These complications may be attributed to the toxin diffusing to untargeted adjacent structures such as the parotid gland, facial muscles and superior constrictors. Proper technique, sufficient knowledge of pterygoid anatomy and EMG guidance are important in preventing complications. Clinical outcomes for both short- and long-term goals still need to be standardized and defined to allow for approach cannot be overemphasized. Pearls: Short-term and long-term goals should be set. Zygomatic arch and condylar head are good landmarks for lateral pterygoid injection via extra-oral approach. Coronoid process and ramus can be palpated intra-orally when doing medial pterygoid muscle injection. The needle is guided medial to the bone, piercing the retromolar trigone. EMG guidance when using cannula electrodes to inject Botox will facilitate muscle identification. Proper dosing and frequency of Botox injection is individualized

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Oromandibular dystonia and hormonal factors: twelve years follow‐up of a case report

Cited by 10 publications

References 37 publications

A Novel Method for Intraoral Access to the Superior Head of the Human Lateral Pterygoid Muscle

A Novel Method for Intraoral Access to the Superior Head of the Human Lateral Pterygoid Muscle

A Novel Injection Technique to the Lateral Pterygoid Muscle for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Cadaveric Study

Pterygoid Botolinum Toxin Injection

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