Ornamental Pest Management Using Imidacloprid Applied with the Kioritz® Soil Injector

Vb, Steward; Braness, G. A.; Gill, Stanton

doi:10.48044/jauf.1998.044

AUF

1998

DOI: 10.48044/jauf.1998.044

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Ornamental Pest Management Using Imidacloprid Applied with the Kioritz® Soil Injector

Steward Vb¹,

G. A. Braness²,

Stanton Gill³

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Cited by 4 publications

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Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Imidacloprid in Eastern Hemlock in the Southern Appalachians

Dilling¹,

Lambdin²,

Grant³

et al. 2010

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The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is an exotic insect species dramatically reducing populations of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrieré, throughout the eastern United States. Systemic imidacloprid is one of the primary chemicals used to successfully control infestations of the hemlock woolly adelgid. The concentration levels for this systemic insecticide present in the sap of eastern hemlocks were evaluated from three strata within the canopy over a two year time span. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were conducted every three months posttreatment to assess imidacloprid concentration within the sap. The effect of application timing (fall versus spring) and application method (soil drench, soil injection, and tree injection) on the translocation of imidacloprid throughout the canopy, and the quantity of imidacloprid translocated in the sap of eastern hemlock branches and the terminal twig and needle tissue was determined. Concentration levels progressively declined from the bottom strata to the top strata of the canopy. This trend was consistent in all chemically treated trees. Tree injections provided the lowest concentration and the most nonuniform distribution of imidacloprid throughout the canopy. The highest insecticide concentrations within the tree across all strata over the two year period were consistently associated with the soil drench method followed by the soil injection method. Imidacloprid concentrations peaked between month 9 and 12 posttreatment, and then declined; however, at two years posttreatment, soil drench and soil injected trees contained concentrations reported as being effective for control of the hemlock woolly adelgid.

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Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Imidacloprid in Eastern Hemlock in the Southern Appalachians

Dilling¹,

Lambdin²,

Grant³

et al. 2010

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Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Residues of Imidacloprid and Its Insecticidal 5-Hydroxy and Olefin and Metabolites in Eastern Hemlock (Pinales: Pinaceae) in the Southern Appalachians

et al. 2013

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Widespread mortality of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, resulting from infestation by hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), has occurred throughout the native range of eastern hemlock within the eastern United States. Imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide, is one of the primary chemical compounds used to control hemlock woolly adelgid in both urban and, in a limited manner, in natural forest environments. The metabolism of imidacloprid in eastern hemlock produces 12 metabolites; two of these, imidacloprid 5-hydroxy and imidacloprid olefin, are considered toxicologically important metabolites. However, little is known about the persistence of these metabolites in eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians. Concentrations ofimidacloprid, olefin, and 5-hydroxy were quantified by using HPLC/MS/MS techniques. Over the 3-yr study, concentrations of imidacloprid and consequent 5-hydroxy and olefin were highest in trees treated with a soil injection in the spring. Imidacloprid and 5-hydroxy concentrations in sap were highest at 12 mo posttreatment and in tissue at 15 mo posttreatment. Imidacloprid was detected through 36 mo posttreatment and 5-hydroxy was detected through 15 mo posttreatment. Olefin concentrations in both sap and tissue were highest at 36 mo posttreatment and were detected in high concentrations through 36 mo posttreatment. Concentrations of imidacloprid were highest in the bottom stratum of the canopy and lowest in the top stratum. Concentrations of olefin and 5-hydroxy were highest in the top stratum and lowest in the bottom stratum.

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Impacts of Trunk and Soil Injections of Low Rates of Imidacloprid on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) and Eastern Hemlock (Pinales: Pinaceae) Health

et al. 2014

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Eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis Carrière) at two sites in southwestern Virginia were treated by trunk and soil injections of imidacloprid to determine the insecticide's impact on hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand. Treatments were 25, 50, and 100% of the highest labeled dosage rates for both stem and soil injection. Three and 4 yr after treatment, the half and full rates had significantly reduced A. tsugae populations, which were accompanied by increased new hemlock shoot growth and higher hemlock health scores on a visual rating of tree appearance. Imidacloprid and metabolite concentrations in tissue of treated trees were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and A. tsugae density decreased as imidacloprid concentrations increased in wood tissue. There were no observed A. tsugae populations in all trees with imidacloprid tissue concentrations >413 ppb. Olefin, di-hydroxy, and 6-chloro-nicotinic-acid metabolites were the imidacloprid metabolites recovered in the highest concentrations. This suggests that hemlock metabolism of imidacloprid may increase efficacy of the parent compound. Stem and soil treatments of low rates of systemic imidacloprid reduce adelgid populations and promote hemlock health, but still may provide a remnant food source for beneficial predators.

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Ornamental Pest Management Using Imidacloprid Applied with the Kioritz® Soil Injector

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Imidacloprid in Eastern Hemlock in the Southern Appalachians

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Imidacloprid in Eastern Hemlock in the Southern Appalachians

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Residues of Imidacloprid and Its Insecticidal 5-Hydroxy and Olefin and Metabolites in Eastern Hemlock (Pinales: Pinaceae) in the Southern Appalachians

Impacts of Trunk and Soil Injections of Low Rates of Imidacloprid on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) and Eastern Hemlock (Pinales: Pinaceae) Health

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