Origins of Refractive Errors: Environmental and Genetic Factors

Abstract

Refractive errors are the product of a mismatch between the axial length of the eye and its optical power, creating blurred vision. Uncorrected refractive errors are the second leading cause of worldwide blindness. One refractive error currently attracting significant scientific interest is myopia, mostly owing to the recent rise in its prevalence worldwide and associated ocular disease burden. This increase in myopia prevalence has also been rapid, suggesting environmental influences in addition to any genetic influences on eye growth. This review defines refractive errors, describes their prevalence, and presents evidence for the influence of genetic and environmental factors related to refractive error development.

<p>A Review on Different Tonometers for Intraocular Pressure Measurement After Photorefractive Keratectomy or Small Incision Lenticule Extraction</p>

“…1 It is the second leading cause of worldwide blindness, caused by a mismatch between the axial length and optical power. 2 Spectacles, contact lens are most commonly used for the correction of refractive errors. Surgical treatment such as photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) can be used for correction.…”

The Spatial Frequency Content of Urban and Indoor Environments as a Potential Risk Factor for Myopia Development

“…1 Although a range of risk factors, such as education and near work, and protective factors, including time outdoors, have been identified, currently available interventions do not consistently prevent the development of myopia. [2][3][4][5] Certain features of human myopia also remain unexplained, such as the reasons why urban living appears to be an independent risk factor for myopia development. 6,7 Population density and the type of housing also appear to be relevant factors.…”

Gangguan Penglihatan Akibat Kelainan Refraksi yang Tidak Dikoreksi

“…Ketidaksesuaian ini biasanya ditemukan pada bayi baru lahir, yang sering menunjukkan kelainan refraksi yang signifikan. Namun, dalam banyak kasus, kelainan ini menurun selama perkembangan awal, ketika mata mengalami emmetropisasi karena pengaruh komponen optik, yaitu kornea dan lensa kristal intraokular (Harb & Wildsoet, 2019).…”

“…Pada hiperopia dengan derajat kecil, jarak dan penglihatan jarak dekat pada orang yang berusia lebih muda sering kali jelas, tetapi mereka mungkin mengalami gejala asthenopik (kelelahan) pada mata yang sering ditandai dengan ketidaknyamanan visual atau sakit kepala (Cochrane et al, 2010). Individu dengan hiperopia yang tidak dikoreksi dapat mengalami berbagai gejala visual, termasuk penglihatan kabur, asthenopia, disfungsi binokular, ambliopia, dan / atau strabismus (Harb & Wildsoet, 2019).…”