Origins of intergroup bias: Developmental and social cognitive research on intergroup attitudes

Dunham, Yarrow; Degner, Juliane

doi:10.1002/ejsp.758

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Research over the past few decades, however, has demonstrated the multiple ways in which implicit and explicit biases about others based on group membership are pervasive in childhood (Dunham & Degner, 2010; Levy & Killen, 2008; Neblett, White, Philip, Nguyên, & Sellers, 2008; Quintana & McKown, 2008; Rutland & Killen, 2015). In many cases children are unaware that they hold such biases, and thus, their forms of prejudice are not explicit but implicit.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balancing the Fair Treatment of Others while Preserving Group Identity and Autonomy

2015

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Social exclusion and inclusion from groups, as well as the distribution of resources, are fundamental aspects of social life, and serve as sources of conflicts that bear on issues of fairness and equality, beginning in childhood. For the most part, research on social exclusion and allocation of resources has not focused on the issue of group membership. Yet, social exclusion from groups and the denial of resources reflect societal issues pertaining to social inequality and its counterpoint, fair treatment of others. Social inequality occurs when opportunities and resources are distributed unevenly in society, often through group norms about allocation that reflect socially defined categories of persons. This occurs at multiple levels of societal organization, from experiences of exclusion in childhood such as being left out of a play activity, to being denied access to resources as a member of a group. These situations extend to larger-level experiences in the adult world concerning social exclusion from voting, for example, or participation in educational institutions. Thus, most decisions regarding social exclusion and the denial of resources involve considerations of group identity and group membership, implicitly or explicitly, which contribute to prejudice and bias, even though this has rarely been investigated in developmental science. Current research illustrating the role of group identity and autonomy regarding decision-making about social exclusion and the denial of resources is reviewed from the social reasoning developmental model, a theoretical perspective that integrates social domain theory and developmental social identity theories to investigate how children use moral, conventional, and psychological judgments to evaluate contexts reflecting group identity, group norms, and intergroup dynamics.

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Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balancing the Fair Treatment of Others while Preserving Group Identity and Autonomy

2015

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“…Given this centrality, it is critical to understand how views of gender emerge and change over development (Dunham & Olson, 2008;Dunham & Degner, 2010). The present inquiry focuses on implicit gender attitudes, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of implicit gender attitudes

Dunham

Baron

Banaji

2015

Developmental Science

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The development course of implicit and explicit gender attitudes between the ages of 5 and adulthood is investigated. Findings demonstrate that implicit and explicit own-gender preferences emerge early in both boys and girls, but implicit own-gender preferences are stronger in young girls than boys. In addition, female participants' attitudes remain largely stable over development, whereas male participants' implicit and explicit attitudes show an age-related shift towards increasing female positivity. Gender attitudes are an anomaly in that social evaluations dissociate from social status, with both male and female participants tending to evaluate female more positively than male.

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“…Due to its prevalence and importance to society, the formation of people’s attitudes toward members of different racial groups or outgroups in general have been extensively studied by psychological sciences (for a review, see Dunham and Degner, 2010). Research on the formation of stereotypes has shown that people adjust their perception of groups according to their personal experiences with individual members of those groups (Weber and Crocker, 1983; Johnston and Hewstone, 1992; Kunda and Oleson, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change my body, change my mind: the effects of illusory ownership of an outgroup hand on implicit attitudes toward that outgroup

2014

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The effect of multisensory-induced changes on body-ownership and self-awareness using bodily illusions has been well established. More recently, experimental manipulation of bodily illusions have been combined with social cognition tasks to investigate whether changes in body-ownership can in turn change the way we perceive others. For example, experiencing ownership over a dark-skin rubber hand reduces implicit bias against dark-skin groups. Several studies have also shown that processing of skin color and facial features play an important role in judgements of racial typicality and racial categorization independently and in an additive manner. The present study aimed at examining whether using multisensory stimulation to induce feelings of body-ownership over a dark-skin rubber hand would lead to an increase in positive attitudes toward black faces. We here show, that the induced ownership of a body-part of a different skin color affected the participants’ implicit attitudes when processing facial features, in addition to the processing of skin color shown previously. Furthermore, when the levels of pre-existing attitudes toward black people were taken into account, the effect of the rubber hand illusion on the post-stimulation implicit attitudes was only significant for those participants who had a negative initial attitude toward black people, with no significant effects found for those who had positive initial attitudes toward black people. Taken together, our findings corroborate the hypothesis that the representation of the self and its relation to others, as given to us by body-related multisensory processing, is critical in maintaining but also in changing social attitudes.

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Origins of intergroup bias: Developmental and social cognitive research on intergroup attitudes

Cited by 26 publications

References 37 publications

Balancing the Fair Treatment of Others while Preserving Group Identity and Autonomy

Balancing the Fair Treatment of Others while Preserving Group Identity and Autonomy

The development of implicit gender attitudes

Change my body, change my mind: the effects of illusory ownership of an outgroup hand on implicit attitudes toward that outgroup

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