Origins and working conditions of female sex workers in urban Thailand: Consequences of social context for HIV transmission

Wawer, Maria J.; Podhisita, Chai; Kanungsukkasem, Uraiwan; Pramualratana, Anthony; McNamara, Regina

doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00150-6

Cited by 63 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The difference between direct and indirect CSWs is that direct CSW service is exclusively sexual; these women always live in brothels and work in or from brothels. In contrast, indirect CSWs are also waitresses, bar girls, attendants in massage parlors, and entertainers such as singers, dancers, and the like (Kilmarx et al, 1998;Wawer et al, 1996). Commercial sex workers, by virtue of their sexual behaviours, are considered more vulnerable to HIV infection than other "at-risk" people.…”

Section: The Incidence Of Hiv/aids In Thailandmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The survey reveals that, across time, different population groups ("waves") demonstrated a rapid increase in the incidence of HIV/AIDS infection in Thailand (Viravaidya et al, 1994). The first such "wave" of infection was among IVDUs (Wawer, Podhisita, Kanungsukkasem, Pramualratana, & McNamara, 1996). In 1987, HIV seroprevalence in this group was 0%-1%, rising to 20% in September 1988 (Ancelle-Park & De Vincenzi, 1993;Batterink, Roos, Wolffers, Intarajit, & Karinchai, 1994).…”

Section: The Incidence Of Hiv/aids In Thailandmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Since they cannot 54 A. Klunklin and J. Greenwood find well-remunerated employment in their villages, they migrate to cities to seek jobs to enable them to send money home to their parents (Muecke, 1992;Wawer et al, 1996).…”

Section: Commercial Sex Workers and Hiv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Buddhism, The Status of Women and The Spread of HIV/AIDS in Thailand

Klunklin

Greenwood²

2005

Health Care for Women International

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The common-sense construction of Buddhism is that of a general power for good; the less positive aspects of Buddhism's power, especially when reinforced by folklore and ancient superstition, is infrequently recognised. In this article we make explicit Buddhism's less positive power, particularly as it relates to the status of women and, by implication, its role in the human immunodeficiency (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in Thailand. The Buddhist, folklore, and superstitious bases of Thai misogyny are explored, together with its expression in the differential gender roles of women and men. In addition, the attitudes of both women and men to commercial sex workers (CSWs) and condom use is discussed. The implications of these attitudinal analyses to the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Thailand is outlined. We argue that the current spread of HIV/AIDS in Thailand is primarily a function of the inferior status of women, which, in turn, is a function of Buddhism and Thai cultural beliefs. In light of this, some realistic strategies to address the problem also are discussed.

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Section: The Incidence Of Hiv/aids In Thailandmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: The Incidence Of Hiv/aids In Thailandmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Buddhism, The Status of Women and The Spread of HIV/AIDS in Thailand

Klunklin

Greenwood²

2005

Health Care for Women International

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“…Yet recent research conducted across distinct socio-cultural contexts has found that female sex workers often have a variety of paying partner types that range in levels of perceived relationship intimacy. Such studies have found that condom use rates among sex workers and their paying partners vary based on whether these relationships are regular versus casual in nature (Kerrigan, Moreno, Rosario, & Sweat, 2001;Mgalla & Pool 1997;Nishigaya, 2002;Outwater et al, 2000;Pickering, Quigley, Hayes, Todd, & Wilkins, 1993;Wawer, Podhisita, Kanungsukkasem, Pramualratana, & McNamara, 1996). These studies suggest that even within the context of commercial sex, relationship intimacy may be a key determinant of unprotected sex between sex workers and their regular paying partners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Role of Relationship Intimacy in Consistent Condom Use Among Female Sex Workers and Their Regular Paying Partners in the Dominican Republic

Murray

Moreno²,

Rosario³

et al. 2006

AIDS Behav

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Prior research has demonstrated an important link between relationship intimacy and condom use. Limited research has been conducted on this connection within the realm of female sex work. We examined the association between perceived relationship intimacy and consistent condom use among 258 female sex workers and 278 male regular paying partners who participated in a cross-sectional survey in the Dominican Republic. In multivariate analysis, higher intimacy among sex workers and regular paying partners was negatively associated with consistent condom use. Among those reporting higher perceived intimacy, male participants were more than twice as likely to report consistent condom use as female participants. Female sex workers in relationships of higher perceived intimacy are at greater risk of HIV/AIDS than their male regular paying partners. Gender-sensitive HIV prevention programs are needed to address the differential influence of relationship intimacy on condom use in the context of sex work.

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“…Both homosexually active men and female prostitutes have long been stigmatized and held to a double standard, despite the fact that some research reports a certain amount of tolerance towards prostitutes (Khin 1980;Kiattubtuew and Likitthummaroj 1993;Intraprasert and Hiew 1992;Muecke 1992;Jackson 1997). Prostitution may be accepted or tolerated as a means of coping with family poverty, and prostitutes who make lots of money from foreign clients and send remittances home gain a sense of security; they may even be able to remove the stigma of their source of income (Muecke 1992;Wawer et al 1996). However, those who earn too little money to remit home and to give to monks are stigmatized and called "streetside toilets" (suam thanon) (Muecke 1992).…”

Section: Vectors Of Disease: Prostitutes and Aidsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Stigma and rejection: Living with aids in villages in southern Thailand

Songwathana

Manderson

2001

Medical Anthropology

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The problems that face HIV/AIDS patients are now fairly well documented. These include experiences of guilt, anger, grief, fear of abandonment, and potential economic hardship and marginalization due to others' fear of infection and associated stigma. However, limited attention has been paid to the effects of AIDS-related stigma on access to, and the provision of, health services. Understanding how the stigma of AIDS affects the processes and experiences of diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and care is critical to effective public health policy and the delivery of health care programs and medical services. In this article, we examine stigma as experienced by people with HIV and AIDS, and by their families, in village Thailand. We also identify areas for improvement pertaining to people with HIV/AIDS and other stigmatizing diseases.

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Origins and working conditions of female sex workers in urban Thailand: Consequences of social context for HIV transmission

Cited by 63 publications

References 12 publications

Buddhism, The Status of Women and The Spread of HIV/AIDS in Thailand

Buddhism, The Status of Women and The Spread of HIV/AIDS in Thailand

The Role of Relationship Intimacy in Consistent Condom Use Among Female Sex Workers and Their Regular Paying Partners in the Dominican Republic

Stigma and rejection: Living with aids in villages in southern Thailand

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