Origin, spatial pattern, and evolution of urban system: Testing a hypothesis of “urban tree”

Spatial inertia and separation in a hierarchy-driven structure: four case studies of flow continuity along ring roads

“…Different forms of interdependent and interconnected hierarchical systems are implicit in the basic definition, formation, organisation, and management of cities (Batty & Longley, 1994, p. 43;Batty, 2008, p. 770;Semboloni, 2008, p. 295;Batty, 2009, p. 8;Chen & Jiang, 2018, p. 1). Built on the concept of structured hierarchy, the Urban Tree growth model, for example, produces the initial spatial setting and the areal extent in sets of successions and extensions of concentration and decentralisation in a pyramidal configuration (Alexander, 1965;Batty, 2009;Burgess, 1996;Fan et al, 2017;Pumain, 2006;Rooij, 2005b;Semboloni, 2008). Accordingly, infrastructure, dynamic distribution, and land use zonal systems are differentiated with reference to normative criteria according to their official status and position in this hierarchical system; they are fully or partially subordinated by relationships of control and influence (Lynch, 1990, 93-94;Kulash, 2001, 9-11;Marshall, 2005, 29, 47;Batty, 2006, p. 143;Pumain, 2006, p. 177).…”

“…This factor also affects the urban development level and services provided in those locations. Fan et al (2017) captures the correlation between resistance factor, distance, and urban development levels in the following equation…”

Spatial Pattern and Evolution of Urban System Based on Gravity Model and Whole Network Analysis in the Huaihe River Basin of China

“…A mechanism for the growth of the city has been proposed [16] but modeling the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban formation and evolution remains difficult [17]. Urban systems evolution mainly includes changes in two aspects: land use pattern and system structure [18]. The gravity model has been widely applied in this field.…”

Spatio–Temporal Pattern of the Urban System Network in the Huaihe River Basin Based on Entropy Theory

“…The model and spatial analysis have always been a hot issue in urban geography. The Theory of Central Place [ 3 ], Point-Axis Theory [ 4 ], Dual-Nuclei Structural Model [ 5 ], City Network [ 6 ], Network City [ 7 ] and City tree [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], showed a networked trend of the research on the spatial complexity of urban systems. Analysis based on different spatial scales using network theory showed that with the increase of the complexity of urban system structure, its structure becomes more effective and stable, and more conducive to the sustainable development of the urban system [ 11 ].…”

“…Analysis based on different spatial scales using network theory showed that with the increase of the complexity of urban system structure, its structure becomes more effective and stable, and more conducive to the sustainable development of the urban system [ 11 ]. Gravity Model [ 12 , 13 ], Social Network [ 14 , 15 ], Resistance Model [ 9 ], self-organizing structure model [ 16 ] and systematic dynamics [ 17 ] have been used to describe spatial interaction of urban system.…”