Origin of the roles of potassium in biology

We present an electro-transmutation (ET) method of water purification using the Quantum Kinetic Fusor™. Electrolysis experiments were performed with residential well water and seawater coupled with two different electrode materials—stainless steel and aluminum—to test the effectiveness of ET in removing contaminants and altering the physiochemistry (e.g., pH, alkalinity) and isotopic composition of water. ET effectively removed contaminants at power inputs as low 0.142 mA cm−2, i.e., 1.9–4.2 watts, which is substantially lower than other electrochemical techniques. The ET process also reduces, and in some cases eliminates, electrode surface area degradation. This outcome is outside the field of traditional Faraday electrolysis, further distinguishing the ET process as potentially more cost-effective than other water purification methods. Importantly, the experiments reveal ET is an exceptionally low input energy generator. This finding is based on the presence of exotic x-rays (Bremsstrahlung) emissions during operation (1–20 KeV).

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“…[Na + O + H + = P] byproduct. This suggests a type of synthetic stimulated photosynthetic process 35 . See Table 3, Supplemental Figs.…”

Section: Atomic Isotopic Composition and Dissolved Metal And Ion Conc...mentioning

confidence: 83%

A resonant electro-physical transmutation method for water purification

Lee

Ward

Leach³

et al. 2022

npj Clean Water

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“…Potassium transport systems are found in many bacteria as potassium is the major intracellular cation responsible for osmotic regulation, activating intracellular enzymes, regulating internal pH and as a secondary messenger ( Epstein, 2003 ; Korolev, 2021 ; Raven, 2021 ). It is widely accepted that potassium transporters are regulated by ion concentrations and turgor pressure ( Epstein, 2003 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction and Inferred Evolution of Acid Tolerance Genes in the Biotechnologically Important Acidihalobacter Genus

et al. 2022

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Acidihalobacter is a genus of acidophilic, gram-negative bacteria known for its ability to oxidize pyrite minerals in the presence of elevated chloride ions, a capability rare in other iron-sulfur oxidizing acidophiles. Previous research involving Acidihalobacter spp. has focused on their applicability in saline biomining operations and their genetic arsenal that allows them to cope with chloride, metal and oxidative stress. However, an understanding of the molecular adaptations that enable Acidihalobacter spp. to thrive under both acid and chloride stress is needed to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how this genus can thrive in such extreme biomining conditions. Currently, four genomes of the Acidihalobacter genus have been sequenced: Acidihalobacter prosperus DSM 5130T, Acidihalobacter yilgarnensis DSM 105917T, Acidihalobacter aeolianus DSM 14174T, and Acidihalobacter ferrooxydans DSM 14175T. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the Acidihalobacter genus roots to the Chromatiales class consisting of mostly halophilic microorganisms. In this study, we aim to advance our knowledge of the genetic repertoire of the Acidihalobacter genus that has enabled it to cope with acidic stress. We provide evidence of gene gain events that are hypothesized to help the Acidihalobacter genus cope with acid stress. Potential acid tolerance mechanisms that were found in the Acidihalobacter genomes include multiple potassium transporters, chloride/proton antiporters, glutamate decarboxylase system, arginine decarboxylase system, urease system, slp genes, squalene synthesis, and hopanoid synthesis. Some of these genes are hypothesized to have entered the Acidihalobacter via vertical decent from an inferred non-acidophilic ancestor, however, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from other acidophilic lineages is probably responsible for the introduction of many acid resistance genes.

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“…Blackstone, 2015). It is known that the major roles in poising electrical and H + gradient components of the PMF are K + and, in thylakoids, Cl − , and not Ca 2+ (Pottosin & Shabala, 2018; Raven, 2020, 2021a,b; Korolev, 2021).…”

Section: Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avoiding and allowing apatite precipitation in oxygenic photolithotrophs

Raven

2023

New Phytologist

Self Cite

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Summary The essential elements Ca and P, taken up and used metabolically as Ca2+ and H2PO4−/HPO42− respectively, could precipitate as one or more of the insoluble forms calcium phosphate (mainly apatite) if the free ion concentrations and pH are high enough. In the cytosol, chloroplast stroma, and mitochondrial matrix, the very low free Ca2+ concentration avoids calcium phosphate precipitation, apart from occasionally in the mitochondrial matrix. The low free Ca2+ concentration in these compartments is commonly thought of in terms of the role of Ca2+ in signalling. However, it also helps avoids calcium phosphate precipitation, and this could be its earliest function in evolution. In vacuoles, cell walls, and xylem conduits, there can be relatively high concentrations of Ca2+ and inorganic orthophosphate, but pH and/or other ligands for Ca2+, suggests that calcium phosphate precipitates are rare. However, apatite is precipitated under metabolic control in shoot trichomes, and by evaporative water loss in hydathodes, in some terrestrial flowering plants. In aquatic macrophytes that deposit CaCO3 on their cell walls or in their environment as a result of pH increase or removal of inhibitors of nucleation or crystal growth, phosphate is sometimes incorporated in the CaCO3. Calcium phosphate precipitation also occurs in some stromatolites.

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Origin of the roles of potassium in biology

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

A resonant electro-physical transmutation method for water purification

A resonant electro-physical transmutation method for water purification

Prediction and Inferred Evolution of Acid Tolerance Genes in the Biotechnologically Important Acidihalobacter Genus

Avoiding and allowing apatite precipitation in oxygenic photolithotrophs

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