Origin of the giant Allard Lake ilmenite ore deposit (Canada) by fractional crystallization, multiple magma pulses and mixing

Charlier, Bernard; Namur, Olivier; Malpas, Simon; Marneffe, Cédric de; Duchesne, Jean-Clair; Auwera, Jacqueline Vander; Bolle, Olivier

doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.02.009

Cited by 46 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…However, whole-rock compositions are controlled by the proportions of ilmenite and plagioclase ± orthopyroxene, which supports a cumulate origin for the deposit (Charlier et al, 2010b). Cr concentrations in ilmenite reveal normal and reverse fractionation trends, suggesting multiple episodes of magma emplacement and alternating periods of fractional crystallization and magma mixing.…”

Section: Lac Tio Quebecmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…This mixing produced hybrid magmas located in the stability field of ilmenite, resulting in periodic crystallization of ilmenite alone. The unsystematic differentiation trends in the Lac Tio deposit, arising from a succession of magma pulses, hybridization, and the fractionation of hemo-ilmenite alone or together with plagioclase, suggest that the deposit formed within a magma conduit (Charlier et al, 2010b). This dynamic emplacement mechanism associated with continuous gravity-driven accumulation of Fe-Ti oxides, and possibly plagioclase buoyancy in a fractionating ferrobasalt, explains the huge concentration of hemo-ilmenite.…”

Section: Lac Tio Quebecmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Four major pulses of AMCG-type magmatism have been dated around 1320 Ma, 1160-1140 Ma, 1080-1050 Ma and 1020-1008 Ma (Higgins and van Breemen, 1996;Corrigan and van Breemen, 1997;Hébert et al, 2005). The province contains many anorthosite plutons and includes the composite Havre-Saint-Pierre anorthosite, which is intruded by the Lac Tio deposit (Lister, 1966;Charlier et al, 2010b) and the Grader layered intrusion (Charlier et al, 2008). The Lac-Saint-Jean anorthosite complex has recently been explored and is dominated by titaniferous magnetite deposits in labradorite anorthosite (Hébert et al, 2005).…”

Section: Spatial and Temporal Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in many Fe-Ti oxide-rich rocks, plagioclase may occur with Fe-Ti oxides (ilmenite or ilmenite + magnetite) but without orthopyroxene. For example, in the Tellnes and Lac Tio deposits (Charlier et al, , 2010b, orthopyroxene becomes a liquidus phase after plagioclase and ilmenite. As shown in high-Ti mare basalts from the Moon (Delano, 1980), it is more probable that the temperature-pressure slope for the orthopyroxene liquidus is much steeper than that for the ilmenite liquidus (Fig.…”

Section: The Role Of Polybaric Crystallizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three hard rock deposits are currently mined: Lac Tio (Quebec; Charlier et al, 2010b), Tellnes (SW Norway; Charlier et al, 2007), and Damiao (China; Chen et al, 2013). In these mines it is becoming essential to plan ore mixing from different locations in the pit to obtain ilmenite concentrates with a constant composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fe–Ti–V–P ore deposits associated with Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites and related rocks

Charlier

Namur

Bolle

et al. 2015

Earth-Science Reviews

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oMagmatic rocks containing economic concentrations of iron, titanium, vanadium and phosphorous are commonly associated with massif-type anorthosites and related rocks. This rock association is part of the anorthositemangerite-charnockite-(rapakivi-)granite suites that are restricted to the Proterozoic. Understanding the geochemistry and emplacement mechanisms of ilmenite, magnetite and apatite ore deposits is crucial for exploration, efficient mining operations and ore processing. This review discusses the controlling factors on the grade of an ore, its mineralogy, and its major and trace element distribution. We present petrogenetic models of currently mined deposits (Lac Tio, Tellnes, Damiao) and discuss the characteristics of minor ore bodies from anorthosite provinces worldwide (Grenville, North China Craton, East European Craton, Rogaland, Laramie). Models of formation of anorthosite and related rocks are presented, as well as the nature of the possible parental magmas of the suite. A mineralogical classification of Fe-Ti ores is proposed: (1) Gabbro-noritic ilmenite ore ± apatite ± magnetite; (2) Ti-magnetite-dominated ore; (3) Nelsonite (Fe-Ti oxides + apatite); and (4) Rutile-ilmenite ore. The stability of ilmenite and magnetite is then critically reviewed and the influence of various factors, particularly oxygen fugacity and crystallization pressure, is examined. We discuss liquidus compositions of Fe-Ti oxides and the behavior of important trace elements such as Cr and V, both of which are sensitive to fO 2 variations. Postcumulus evolution of both oxides can occur due to re-equilibration with trapped liquid, re-equilibration with ferromagnesian silicates, exsolution, oxidation, reaction between ilmenite and magnetite, and metamorphic overprinting. These various processes are described and their effects on the oxide geochemistry are emphasized. Several potential ore-forming processes have been invoked and can explain the formation of huge concentration of ilmenite, ±magnetite, ±apatite. Fractional crystallization can be combined with crystal sorting and plagioclase buoyancy to produce relative enrichment of dense ore minerals. Silicate liquid immiscibility can segregate conjugate Si-rich and Fe-rich melts, the latter being enriched in Fe-Ti-P. Magma mixing can produce hybrid magmas located in a single-phase field of the phase diagram and precipitate a pure ilmenite cumulate. Alternative processes are also described, such as ejection of Fe-Ti-enriched residual melts by filter-pressing and compaction, solidstate remobilization of ilmenite in veins, and hydrothermal transport of Fe and Ti from the host anorthosite followed by concentration in veins and lenticular ore bodies. The magnetic properties of Fe-Ti ore deposits present contrasting signatures, depending on whether the natural remanent magnetization is dominated by hemo-ilmenite or multi-domain magnetite. Micro-and macro-scale deformation features of ore rocks are intimately correlated with magma emplacement, and...

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Section: Lac Tio Quebecmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Lac Tio Quebecmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Spatial and Temporal Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Role Of Polybaric Crystallizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Fe–Ti–V–P ore deposits associated with Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites and related rocks

Charlier

Namur

Bolle

et al. 2015

Earth-Science Reviews

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Formation of thick stratiform Fe‐Ti oxide layers in layered intrusion and frequent replenishment of fractionated mafic magma: Evidence from the Panzhihua intrusion, SW China

Song

et al. 2013

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

122

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The Panzhihua intrusion is one of the largest layered intrusions that hosts huge stratiform Fe‐Ti oxide layers in the central part of the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China. Up to 60 m thick stratiform massive Fe‐Ti oxide layers containing ~85 modal% of magnetite and ilmenite and overlying magnetite gabbro compose cyclic units of the Lower Zone of the intrusion. The cyclic units of the Middle Zone consist of magnetite gabbro and overlying gabbro. In these cyclic units, contents of Fe2O3(t), TiO2 and Cr and Fe3+/Ti4+ ratio of the rocks decrease upward, Cr content of magnetite and forsterite percentage of olivine decrease as well. The Upper Zone consists of apatite gabbro characterized by enrichment of incompatible elements (e.g., 12–18 ppm La, 20–28 ppm Y) and increasing of Fe3+/Ti4+ ratio (from 1.3 to 2.3) upward. These features indicate that the Panzhihua intrusion was repeatedly recharged by more primitive magma and evolved magmas had been extracted. Calculations using MELTS indicate that extensive fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene in deep level resulted in increasing Fe and Ti contents in the magma. When these Fe‐Ti‐enriched magmas were emplaced along the base of the Panzhihua intrusion, Fe‐Ti oxides became an early crystallization phase, leading to a residual magma of lower density. We propose that the unusually thick stratiform Fe‐Ti oxide layers resulted from coupling of gravity settling and sorting of the crystallized Fe‐Ti oxides from Fe‐Ti‐enriched magmas and frequent magma replenishment along the floor of the magma chamber.

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The origin and evolution of V-rich, magnetite dominated Fe-Ti oxide mineralization; Northwest River Anorthosite, south-central Labrador, Canada

et al. 2019

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Origin of the giant Allard Lake ilmenite ore deposit (Canada) by fractional crystallization, multiple magma pulses and mixing

Cited by 46 publications

References 61 publications

Fe–Ti–V–P ore deposits associated with Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites and related rocks

Fe–Ti–V–P ore deposits associated with Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites and related rocks

Formation of thick stratiform Fe‐Ti oxide layers in layered intrusion and frequent replenishment of fractionated mafic magma: Evidence from the Panzhihua intrusion, SW China

The origin and evolution of V-rich, magnetite dominated Fe-Ti oxide mineralization; Northwest River Anorthosite, south-central Labrador, Canada

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