Origin of the Baltic Sea basin by Pleistocene glacial erosion

Hall, Adrian M.; Boeckel, Mikis van

doi:10.1080/11035897.2020.1781246

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The longitudinal axis of the elongated bathymetric high has an azimuth of approximately 10°(southwest-northeast), which is fairly well-aligned with the reconstructed general ice-flow direction marked in Fig. 1 (Woźniak and Czubla 2015;Patton et al 2016;Hall and van Boeckel 2020). Figure 3 shows the north-south striking profile passing the formation in longitudinal direction (note the vertical exaggeration of about VE = 54).…”

Section: Seafloor and Bedrock Topographysupporting

confidence: 54%

Seismic stratigraphy of the Klints Bank east of Gotland (Baltic Sea): a giant drumlin sealing thermogenic hydrocarbons

2021

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This work analyses six high-resolution multi-channel seismic profiles across the Klints Bank east of Gotland. The Klints Bank consists of a drop-shaped increase of the Quaternary thickness and is oriented in an approximately north-southern direction with a length of over 50 km, a width of about 15 km and a maximum thickness of 150 m. The glacial origin of the Klints Bank can be verified with the dataset presented in this study. We classify the feature as a (giant) drumlin due to its steep up-ice and tapered down-ice face in combination with an orientation parallel to the ice-flow direction of the Weichselian glaciation. The seismic image of the internal structure of the Quaternary unit shows no uniform stratification or deformation patterns; instead, local sub-parallel reflection patterns interlayered with transparent units are observed. The averaged seismic velocity of this unit is about 2000 m/s, which is interpreted as an autochthonous deposition of glaciogenic sediments. Signs of overprinting are interpreted based on the geometry of the flanks of the structure, which appear mostly in the form of collapse structures and lifted blocks due to compressional thrust faulting. Phase-reversed events within and beneath the Quaternary are perceived as strong evidence of fluid (hydrocarbon) presence within the Klints Bank. Organically enriched Palaeozoic shales in south-easterly direction of the Klints Bank presumably give the origin of these thermogenic hydrocarbons.

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Section: Seafloor and Bedrock Topographysupporting

confidence: 54%

Seismic stratigraphy of the Klints Bank east of Gotland (Baltic Sea): a giant drumlin sealing thermogenic hydrocarbons

2021

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“…While evidence for glacial ripping at Loch Eriboll and in other hard sedimentary rocks is often of restricted extent, likely due to limited rock exposure, glacial ripping operated more widely. Glacitectonic structures are reported in sedimentary rocks in and around the Baltic Sea [60,61] and the Great Lakes of North America [62]. Markers for glacial ripping are widely present, implying a potentially significant role for this process in the erosion and the overdeepening of these and other marine and freshwater basins.…”

Section: Glacial Ripping and Rubble Till Formation In Other Sedimentary Rocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glacial Ripping in Sedimentary Rocks: Loch Eriboll, NW Scotland

2021

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Glacial ripping is a newly recognized process sequence in which subglacial erosion is triggered by groundwater overpressure. Investigations in gneiss terrain in lowland Sweden indicate that ripping involves three stages of (i) hydraulic jacking, (ii) rock disruption under subglacial traction, and (iii) glacial transport of rock blocks. Evidence for each stage includes, respectively, dilated fractures with sediment fills, disintegrated roches moutonnées, and boulder spreads. Here, we ask: can glacial ripping also occur in sedimentary rocks, and, if so, what are its effects? The case study area is in hard, thinly bedded, gently dipping Cambrian quartz-arenites at Loch Eriboll, NW Scotland. Field surveys reveal dilated, sediment filled, bedding-parallel fractures, open joints, and brecciated zones, interpreted as markers for pervasive, shallow penetration of the quartz-arenite by water at overpressure. Other features, including disintegrated rock surfaces, boulder spreads, and monomict rubble tills, indicate glacial disruption and short distance subglacial transport. The field results together with cosmogenic isotope ages indicate that glacial ripping operated with high impact close to the former ice margin at Loch Eriboll at 17.6–16.5 ka. Glacial ripping thus can operate effectively in bedded, hard sedimentary rocks, and the accompanying brecciation is significant—if not dominant—in till formation. Candidate markers for glacial ripping are identified in other sedimentary terrains in former glaciated areas of the Northern Hemisphere.

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“…A primary, fully operational model that is adaptable and expandable was constructed in the Desmos environment. Because development of the Baltic coastline in the past was related to the retreat of the Scandinavian ice sheet (Uścinowicz, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2014; Marks, 2002; Marks et al, 2016; Harff et al, 2017; Rosentau et al, 2017; Hall and van Boeckel, 2020), it is justified to use markers such as a range of individual phases of glaciation and consecutive shoreline frontiers for the purpose of modelling. Owing to the development of the methodology presented in the preceding sections, the 4F model was applied to determine the deglaciation palaeodynamics during the late Vistulian period (Weichselian/Würm glaciation), which included the limits of glacial phases during MIS 2, from the Leszno Phase (L, 24 ka BP) (Marks et al, 2016), through the Poznań Phase (Poz, 20–19 ka BP), the Pomeranian Phase (Pom, 17–16 ka BP) (Marks et al, 2016), the Gardno Phase (G, 16.8–16.6 ka BP), the Słupsk Bank Phase (SB, 16.2–15.8 ka BP) up to Southern Middle Bank Phase (SMB, 15.4–15.0 ka BP) (Uścinowicz, 1995, 1999), followed by the Baltic basin development in the Holocene (Uścinowicz, 1995, 1999, 2006).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The origins of the Baltic basin and the evolution of the coastline of the southern Baltic Sea (SBS) are closely related to the decline of the last glaciation at the end of the Pleistocene (Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 2 [MIS 2]) (Harff et al, 2017; Hall and van Boeckel, 2020), which allowed the formation of the Baltic Ice Lake (BIL, approx. 13.5–13.0 ka BP) (Uścinowicz, 2006), that is, the early stage of development of today's Baltic Sea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical model of late Pleistocene and Holocene ice-sheet and shoreline dynamics in the southern Baltic Sea, Poland

Frydel

2022

Quat. res.

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This paper reveals deglaciation palaeodynamics (Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 2 [MIS 2]) in Poland and the southern Baltic Sea (SBS) development during marine transgression/regression phases (MIS 1) determined by a numerical modelling method. The introduced approach uses a high-level polynomial regression followed by the integral calculus of successive functions and an application of formulae. As a result, palaeogeographic relations from primary matrix transform instantly into palaeodynamics within a nested matrix. Accordingly, within 9 ka of the late Pleistocene, glacial recession dynamics increased by two orders of magnitude, from −8.5 m/yr between Leszno (L, 24 ka BP) and Poznań (Poz, 20–19 ka BP) phases, through several dozen (−37.2 m/yr, −60.6 m/yr, −90.7 m/yr) to the maximum average equalling −427.3 m/yr (max. −861.4 m/yr) between the Pomeranian (Pom, 17–16 ka BP) and the Gardno (G, 16.8–16.6 ka BP) phases. In turn, SBS coastline transgression and regression dynamics varied by three orders of magnitude. Since the Baltic Ice Lake (BIL, 10.5–10.3 ka BP) up to the Yoldia Sea (YS, 10–9.9 ka BP) regression was intense and equalled −56.8 m/yr (max. −128.7 m/yr), followed by marine transgression towards the Ancylus Lake (AL, 8.7–8.5 ka BP) at 21.43 m/yr through 9.30–2.20 m/yr during the Littorina Sea 1 and Littorina Sea 2 stages (LS1 and LS2, since 7.7 ka BP), eventually 0.51 m/yr in the last 6.05 ka. The 2 m sea-level rise scenario projections indicate approx. 3400 km2 of land and 684,000 inhabitants face flood risk around 2150–2240 CE, with marine transgression dynamics expected to range from 23.9–38.2 m/yr.

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Origin of the Baltic Sea basin by Pleistocene glacial erosion

Cited by 19 publications

References 84 publications

Seismic stratigraphy of the Klints Bank east of Gotland (Baltic Sea): a giant drumlin sealing thermogenic hydrocarbons

Seismic stratigraphy of the Klints Bank east of Gotland (Baltic Sea): a giant drumlin sealing thermogenic hydrocarbons

Glacial Ripping in Sedimentary Rocks: Loch Eriboll, NW Scotland

Numerical model of late Pleistocene and Holocene ice-sheet and shoreline dynamics in the southern Baltic Sea, Poland

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