Origin of Sex-Biased Mental Disorders: An Evolutionary Perspective

Singh, Rama S.; Singh, Karun K.; Singh, Shiva M.

doi:10.1007/s00239-021-09999-9

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 168 publications

(234 reference statements)

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“…Turicibacter is therefore another important bacterium that reveals the biological basis of sex differences in obesity between males and females. There is a sex bias in mental disorders, which the sex-selective sex hormone theory seeks to uncover (Singh et al, 2021 ). Similarly, many studies demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota participates in the development of mental diseases through the brain-gut axis (Sharon et al, 2019 ; Qin et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex hormones influence the intestinal microbiota composition in mice

Peng²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Sex hormone secretion difference is one of the main reasons for sexually dimorphic traits in animals, which affects the dimorphism of the intestinal microbiota; however, their interaction is still unknown. Intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) and intestinal luminal content microbiota (LM) belong to two different habitats according to the difference in interactions between bacteria and host intestinal epithelium/nutrients. To clarify the sexually dimorphic characteristics of MAM and LM and their correlation with sex hormones, 12 specific pathogen-free (SPF) Kunming mice from the same nest were fed separately according to sex. After 8 weeks, samples from the male intestinal mucosa group (MM group), the female intestinal mucosa group (FM group), the male intestinal content group (MC group), and the female intestinal content group (FC group) were collected and then, the next-generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene was performed. Our results showed that the sexual dimorphism of MAM was more obvious than that of LM and the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Turicibacter, and Parasutterella was significantly higher in the FM group than in the MM group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Next, we measured the level of serum sex hormones in mice and calculated the correlation coefficient between major bacteria and sex hormones. The results showed that the correlation between MAM and sex hormones was more prominent, and finally, three bacterial genera (Muribaculaceae, Turicibacter, and Parasutterella) were obtained, which could better represent the relationship between sexual dimorphism and sex hormones. The abundance of Parasutterella is positively and negatively correlated with estradiol and testosterone (T), respectively, which may be related to the differences in the metabolism of bile acid and glucose. A decrease in the abundance of Turicibacter is closely related to autism. Our results show that the abundance of Turicibacter is negatively and positively correlated with T and estradiol, respectively, which can provide a hint for the prevalence of male autism. In conclusion, it is proposed in our study that intestinal microbiota is probably the biological basis of physiological and pathological differences due to sex, and intestinal MAM can better represent the sexual dimorphism of mice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex hormones influence the intestinal microbiota composition in mice

Peng²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…For instance, some psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depressive disorders, are more frequent in females. Or, substance use or antisocial disorders are more prevalent in males (13,14). Hospitalization and its related factors can trigger the incidence of distinct mental disorders, particularly anxiety and depressive symptoms (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychiatric Consultation to Hospitalized Patients: Current Status and Psychiatric Diagnoses

et al. 2022

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Background: The benefits of addressing behavioral health issues in inpatients have been well documented. However, these problems are not frequently recognized by physicians during the hospitalization of patients in general hospitals. Objectives: This study described the current status and medical diagnoses made in psychiatric consultations to inpatients admitted to general hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences, North of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional observational research was carried out at Babol University of Medical Sciences from 2019 to 2020. All psychiatric consultations for patients hospitalized in different departments of two general hospitals affiliated to this university for 6 months were included. The mental disorders diagnosed for patients were recorded by a psychiatrist according to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) criteria. Results: A total of 266 patients with a mean age of 51.21 ± 16.95 years were examined. Most of the consults were requested by the departments of cardiology (39.5%) and neurology (16.2%). According to the psychiatric visits, 32.3%, 51.1%, and 15.4% of the patients had no, one, and two concomitant psychiatric disorders, respectively. Mental disorders were found to have a significant association with gender (P < 0.001), admission department (P < 0.001), comorbid malignancies (P = 0.011), cardiovascular disorders (P < 0.001), need for surgical intervention (P = 0.018), a history of substance use (P = 0.001), and reasons for consult request (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Mental disorders, especially mood and anxiety disorders, were identified in approximately 70% of consultations. Therefore, requesting a timely psychiatric consultation can lead to better managing hospitalized patients.

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“…For a recent and comprehensive outline of the sexual selection theory and how it may lead to the evolution of sex-biased diseases and mental disorders, the reader is referred to Singh et al ( 2021 ). In this section, we provide a brief outline of sexual selection and antagonistic evolution, as a means of transitioning the discussion from sexual selection and sex hormones to the role of sexual differences in the experience of stress and its effect on sexual dimorphism in disease and health.…”

Section: An Overview Of Sexual Selection and Sexual Antagonismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Females generally show a higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases (Voskuhl 2011 ; Ngo et al 2014 ), thyroid cancer (Kilfoy et al 2009 ), and certain psychiatric disorders, like anxiety (McLean et al 2011 ) and depression (Salk et al 2017 ), while males show a higher prevalence of cancer (Bray et al 2018 ) and infections. The sexual selection-sex hormone theory (SS-SH theory) was developed to explain sex-specific variability in disease incidence, which laid out the framework for differentiating between the historical (evolutionary or ultimate) and immediate (functional or proximal) causes of sex-related differences in diseases and mental disorders (Singh et al 2021 ). Evolutionary and functional causes should not be considered an “either-or” scenario but instead as being evolved and hierarchically embedded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of Sex-Biased Mental Disorders: Do Males and Females Experience Different Selective Regimes?

et al. 2022

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The origins of sex-biased differences in disease and health are of growing interest to both medical researchers and health professionals. Several major factors have been identified that affect sex differences in incidence of diseases and mental disorders. These are: sex chromosomes, sex hormones and female immunity, sexual selection and antagonistic evolution, and differential susceptibility of sexes to environmental factors. These factors work on different time scales and are not exclusive of each other. Recently, a combined Sexual Selection-Sex Hormones (SS-SH) Theory was presented as an evolutionary mechanism to explain sex-biased differences in diseases and mental disorders (Singh in J Mol Evol 89:195–213, 2021). In that paper disease prevalence trends were investigated, and non-sex-specific diseases were hypothesized to be more common in males than in females in general. They showed signs of exceptions to this trend with inflammatory diseases and stress-related mental disorders that were more common in females. We believe that the SS-SH theory requires the consideration of psycho-social stress (PSS) to explain the predominance of female-biased mental disorders and some other exceptions in their findings. Here we present a theory of sex-differential experience of PSS and provide quantitative support for the combined SS-SH-PSS Theory using age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) recording the levels of male- and female-bias in data obtained from different countries. The grand theory provides an evolutionary framework for explaining patterns of sex-biased trends in the prevalence of disease and health. Further exploration of women’s vulnerability to social factors may help to facilitate new treatments for female-biased diseases.

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Origin of Sex-Biased Mental Disorders: An Evolutionary Perspective

Cited by 6 publications

References 168 publications

Sex hormones influence the intestinal microbiota composition in mice

Sex hormones influence the intestinal microbiota composition in mice

Psychiatric Consultation to Hospitalized Patients: Current Status and Psychiatric Diagnoses

Origin of Sex-Biased Mental Disorders: Do Males and Females Experience Different Selective Regimes?

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