Origin of Fatty Acids and Influence of Nutritional Factors on Milk Fat

Palmquist, D.L.; Harvatine, K.J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48686-0_2

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 208 publications

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“…Furthermore, CSSO supplementation tended to reduce acetate, butyrate, and total SCFA in the rumen. Acetate and butyrate are major sources of energy generated by rumen fermentation and building blocks for de novo milk fat synthesis (Palmquist and Harvatine, 2020). Similar to our results, a previous study feeding CSSO to grazing cows also observed a negative effect on several isoacids and parameters of rumen fermentation (Macedo et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Enhancing the recovery of human-edible nutrients in milk and nitrogen efficiency throughout the lactation cycle by feeding fatty acid supplements

Souza

Batistel

Santos

2023

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Dairy cows convert low-quality feedstuffs unsuitable for human consumption into milk, a high-quality protein source for humans. Even under grazing conditions of well-managed pastures, dietary energy limits the efficiency of animal production, contributing to the excretion of nutrients to the environment. Thus, our study aimed to assess the effect of supplying sources and levels of supplemental fat to grazing dairy cows during early lactation on nutrient excretion and recovery of human-edible (HE) nutrients in milk throughout the lactation cycle. Two experiments were conducted with grazing Jersey × Holstein dairy cows. In Experiment 1, five dairy cows were used in a 5 × 5 Latin Square design. Treatments were a control diet (concentrate without supplemental fat) or diets supplemented with calcium salts of either soybean fatty acids (CSSO) or palm fatty acids (CSPO) fed at two levels of supplementation (400 g/day or 700 g/day) for 24 days. In general, the level of supplemental fat had a minor effect on production parameters and methane emission and intensity. Feeding cows with CSPO increased milk yield by 8.1%, milk energy output by 20%, and milk fat yield by 35.2% compared with CSSO. A tendency was observed for CSPO to decrease methane per unit of milk energy compared with CSSO. In experiment 2, 24 dairy cows were used in a randomized block design. Treatments were a control diet or diets supplemented with calcium salts of either CSSO or CSPO fed at 400 g/day for 13 weeks. The carryover effect of the diets was evaluated until 42 weeks of lactation. During the supplementation period, feeding CSPO improved the recovery of HE energy, protein, and indispensable amino acids compared with control and CSSO. Interestingly, we demonstrated that feeding CSPO improved the recovery of HE energy, protein, and indispensable amino acids compared with control over the lactation cycle. Overall, our results suggested that the dose of supplemental fat used in our study had a minor influence on production and rumen fermentation parameters. We demonstrated that feeding dairy cows with a fatty acid source based on palm oil under tropical grazing conditions reduced nutrient excretion and improved the recovery of HE nutrients throughout the lactation cycle.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Enhancing the recovery of human-edible nutrients in milk and nitrogen efficiency throughout the lactation cycle by feeding fatty acid supplements

Souza

Batistel

Santos

2023

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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“…Fasting cows for 7 h during the day or the night also modified the daily rhythms of de novo, mixed, and preformed FA (Salfer and Harvatine, 2020). In the current study, there was no detectable rhythm in milk FA yield for control and DT, but NT induced a rhythm of milk de novo, mixed, and odd and branched-chain FA, all of which at least partially originate from mammary de novo lipogenesis (Vlaeminck et al, 2015;Palmquist and Harvatine, 2020). In previous work, acetate supplementation increased mammary de novo lipogenesis (e.g., Matamoros et al, 2021) and also stimulated lipogenic enzymes in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (Song et al, 2020;Zhao et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 38%

Effect of the timing of sodium acetate infusion on the daily rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma metabolites and hormones in Holstein cows

Matamoros

Salfer²,

Bartell³

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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Dairy cows have a daily pattern of feed intake which influences ruminal fermentation and nutrient absorption. Milk synthesis also exhibits a daily rhythm and is altered by the timing of feed availability. Nutrients can regulate physiological rhythms, but it is unclear which specific nutrients affect the rhythms of milk synthesis in the cow. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the timing of acetate infusion on the daily rhythms of feed intake, milk synthesis, milk fatty acids, plasma insulin and metabolites, and core body temperature. Ten lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (127 ± 24.6 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments were ruminal infusions of 600 g/d of acetate either continuously throughout the day (CON) or over 8 h/d during the day (day treatment, DT; 0900 to 1700 h) or the night (night treatment, NT; 2100 to 0500 h). Experimental periods were 14 d with a 7-d washout between periods. Cows were milked every 6 h during the final 7 d of each experimental period to determine the daily pattern of milk synthesis. Blood samples were taken to represent every 4 h across the day and plasma glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea nitrogen, and acetate concentration were measured. An intravaginal temperature logger was used to measure core body temperature. Data were analyzed with cosinor-based rhythmometry to test the fit of a cosine function with a period of 24 h and to determine the acrophase (time at peak) and amplitude (peak to mean) of each rhythm. Milk yield fit a daily rhythm for all treatments and DT and NT phase-delayed the rhythm and DT increased the robustness of the rhythm. Milk protein concentration fit a daily rhythm for all treatments and DT increased robustness, whereas NT phase-delayed the rhythm. Plasma acetate concentration also fit a daily rhythm in all treatments. Plasma acetate peaked at ~1600 h in CON and DT and at 0053 h in NT, reflecting the timing of treatment infusions. There was a daily rhythm in plasma β-hydroxybutyrate that reflected the plasma acetate rhythm. Core body temperature fit a rhythm for all treatments, but the amplitude of the rhythm was smaller than previously observed. In conclusion, the timing of acetate infusion influences peripheral rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma metabolites.

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“…The proportion of SCFA, mainly C4:0 and C6:0, was lower in cows milked OAD. SCFA are the intermediate products released by the acyl transferase enzyme, which adds two carbon units from malonyl-CoA until the chain length reaches C16 [39]. Delamaire and Guinard-Flament [24] reported the lower proportion of de novo synthesised FAs could be due to a decline in the uptake of acetate and beta-hydroxy butyrate (precursors of de novo synthesis) by the mammary gland.…”

Section: The Effect Of Oad and Tad Milking On Fatty Acid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acid Composition of Dairy Milk: A Case Study Comparing Once- and Twice-a-Day Milking of Pasture-Fed Cows at Different Stages of Lactation

Sanjayaranj

López‐Villalobos

Blair

et al. 2022

Dairy

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In this case study, we compared the gross composition and fatty acid (FA) composition of milk from cows milked once a day (OAD) and twice a day (TAD) at different stages of lactation in real farm conditions with no control on feed. Seventy-two cows from a OAD milking herd and 181 cows from a TAD milking herd were sampled in early, mid and late lactation. Calibration equations were developed to enable the prediction of proportions of individual FAs using mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. Cows milked OAD produced 25% lower daily milk yield (MY) compared to cows milked TAD. Percentages of fat and protein were 21% and 9% higher in cows milked OAD compared to cows milked TAD, respectively. The proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (molecules with unbranched hydrocarbon chains and all single bonds) was significantly lower, while the proportions of de novo synthesised FAs from C8:0 to C14:0 were significantly higher, in cows milked OAD compared to cows milked TAD. OAD milking improved the energy balance of cows, which led to higher proportions of de novo synthesised FAs and lower proportions of long-chain fatty acids (16:0 and above). The proportion of SFA was significantly higher in mid lactation (ML) compared to early lactation (EL) and late lactation (LL) in cows milked OAD and TAD. In EL, the proportions of C4:0 to C12:0 FAs in cows milked OAD were significantly higher compared to the cows milked TAD due to the improved energy status of cows milked OAD. Understanding the proportions of individual FAs in cows milked OAD and TAD will enable further studies on milk fat characteristics and on butter hardness and coagulation properties of milk.

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Origin of Fatty Acids and Influence of Nutritional Factors on Milk Fat

Cited by 5 publications

References 208 publications

Enhancing the recovery of human-edible nutrients in milk and nitrogen efficiency throughout the lactation cycle by feeding fatty acid supplements

Enhancing the recovery of human-edible nutrients in milk and nitrogen efficiency throughout the lactation cycle by feeding fatty acid supplements

Effect of the timing of sodium acetate infusion on the daily rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma metabolites and hormones in Holstein cows

Fatty Acid Composition of Dairy Milk: A Case Study Comparing Once- and Twice-a-Day Milking of Pasture-Fed Cows at Different Stages of Lactation

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