Origin of crude oils from oilfields in the Zagros Fold Belt, southern Iraq: Relation to organic matter input and paleoenvironmental conditions

Hakimi, Mohammed Hail; Najaf, Ahmed A.

doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.10.012

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…To highlight the aliphatic/aromatic isotopic shift in the investigated samples, the MV δ 13 C signature was compared to the other hydrocarbon-spiked sediment signatures [24][25][26][27] . The results of this procedure underlined an overall δ 13 C shift towards aromatic petroleum fractions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mud volcanoes and the presence of PAHs

Remizovschi

Carpa

Forray

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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A mud volcano (MV) is a naturally hydrocarbon-spiked environment, as indicated by the presence of various quantities of PAHs and aromatic isotopic shifts in its sediments. Recurrent expulsion of various hydrocarbons consolidates the growth of hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the areas around MVs. In addition to the widely-known availability of biologically malleable alkanes, MVs can represent hotbeds of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well -an aspect that has not been previously explored. This study measured the availability of highly recalcitrant PAHs and the isotopic signature of MV sediments both by Gc-MS and δ 13 C analyses. Subsequently, this study highlighted both the occurrence and distribution of putative pAH-degrading bacterial otUs using a metabarcoding technique. The putative hydrocarbonoclastic taxa incidence are the following: Enterobacteriaceae (31.5%), Methylobacteriaceae (19.9%), Bradyrhizobiaceae (16.9%), Oxalobacteraceae (10.2%), Comamonadaceae (7.6%) and Sphingomonadaceae (5.5%). Cumulatively, the results of this study indicate that MVs represent polyaromatic hydrocarbonoclastic hotbeds, as defined by both natural PAH input and high incidence of putative PAH-degrading bacterial OTUs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Histograms of (MV) mud volcano stable carbon isotope values. Values of saturated and aromatic fractions extracted from various crude oil spiked sediments[24][25][26][27] .…”

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confidence: 99%

Mud volcanoes and the presence of PAHs

Remizovschi

Carpa

Forray

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The subsidence in the developing Zagros foredeep induced a major phase of source rock evaluation and hydrocarbon expulsion [4]. The main source rock in Zagros Fold Belt during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous period is Chia Gara Formation [5].…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of Chia Gara Formation in Three Selected Wells, Northern Iraq

Mamaseni

Naqshabandi

Al-Jaboury³

2019

Open Geosciences

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In this study collected samples of Chia Gara Formation in Atrush, Shaikhan and Sarsang oilfields are used to geochemical characteristics of organic matter in this formation. This determination was based on Rock-Eval pyrolysis and Biomarker analyses. The Chia Gara Formation can be considered as good to excellent source rock; it’s TOC content ranges from 1.14-8.5wt% with an average of 1.85%, 3.91%, and 6.94% in Atush-1, Mangesh-1 and Shaikhan-8 wells respectively. The samples of Chia Gara Formation contain kerogen type II. These properties are considered optimal for oil generation. The low oxygen index (OI) and pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios (Average 20.73, 0.61 respectively) and high hydrogen index (HI) (average 637.6) indicate that the formation was deposited under anoxic condition. According to regular sterane (C27%, C28%, C29%) and terpanes ratios (C29/C30, C31/C30 hopane), the formation was deposited in marine environment. The average value of the Carbon Preference Index (CPI) is one with Tmax values of more than 430 ºC; these indicate peak oil window for the selected samples. Overall, the 20S/(20S+20R), ββ/(ββ+αα)C29 steranes and 22R/(22R+22S)C32homohopane, with Ts/ (Ts+Tm), and moretane/ hopane ratios point to a mature organic matter and to the ability of the formation to generate oil.

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“…The black shale has been investigated in terms of total organic carbon and major, trace and rare earth elements geochemistry. The majority of the oils produced in northern Iraq's Kurdistan Region are believed to have been provided by the Sargelu Formation (Al-Ameri et al, 2014, Hakimi andNajaf, 2016). That paleoocean was characterized by mostly dysoxic-anoxic paleoenvironments near the equator and tectonic instability (Sharland et al, 2001), which allowed for the retention of high organic matter and the creation of the world's largest oil and gas reserves.To better understand the composition of the black shale, the severity of chemical weathering, the paleoclimate, and the formation and maturation of organic matter, this research focuses on mineralogy, inorganic (major oxides, trace and rare-earth elements), and organic geochemistry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry study of black shale in Barzewa and Warte Sections, Sargelu Formation, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Dashti¹,

Mohammad²,

Ibrahim³

2022

ijhs

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Sargelu Formation (Middle Jurassic) is characterized by a wide geographical distribution in Iraq and neighboring countries. This study includes two sections Barzewa and Warte locations in Erbil Governorate of Kurdistan region, Iraq, the organic, inorganic Geochemistry and mineralogical properties were recorded. Fifteen samples of Sargelu Formation black shales were gathered from both locations. The source rocks of the black shales have an intermediate to felsic composition. The illite crystallinity index (IC) of the studied black shale shows the high anchizone stage. The organic geochemical parameters were analyzed in Sargelu Formation, the black shale contains type II - III kerogen. The average total organic carbon (TOC) of black shale for both section is 4.29 wt.%. By using the ultrasound homogenizer process the C-H bond (hydrocarbon component) of black shale recovered from the solid state to the liquid state.

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Origin of crude oils from oilfields in the Zagros Fold Belt, southern Iraq: Relation to organic matter input and paleoenvironmental conditions

Cited by 25 publications

References 33 publications

Mud volcanoes and the presence of PAHs

Mud volcanoes and the presence of PAHs

Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of Chia Gara Formation in Three Selected Wells, Northern Iraq

Geochemistry study of black shale in Barzewa and Warte Sections, Sargelu Formation, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

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