Origin of cholinergic nerves to the rat major cerebral arteries: Coexistence with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

Hara, Hideaki; Hamill, Geoffrey S.; Jacobowitz, David M.

doi:10.1016/0361-9230(85)90077-2

Cited by 193 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…The immunoreactive fibers had a similar, but uneven distribution throughout the pos terior part of the cerebral circulation in accordance with previous observations in cats, rats, and dogs (Larsson et aI., 1976;Edvinsson et aI., 1980;Mat suyama et al, 1983;Gibbins et al, 1984;Hara et al, 1985;Uemura et aI., 1988). The physiological im portance of the uneven regional fiber density is un clear, but may reflect that the peptidergic fibers originate from different ganglia (Gibbins et aI., 1984;Hara et aI., 1985).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Prepro-Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Derived Peptide Sequences in Cerebral Blood Vessels of Rats: On the Functional Anatomy of Metabolic Autoregulation

Zhang¹,

Mikkelsen

Fahrenkrug

et al. 1991

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Summary: This study describes the distribution of pep tide sequences derived from the prepro-vasoactive intes tinal polypeptide (preproVIP) molecule in perivascular nerves of rat brain arteries and arterioles. The peptides were identified by immunohistochemistry using highly specific antibodies. Five peptide sequences (preproVIP 60-76, peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), preproVIP 111-122, VIP, and preproVIP 15�170) were identified in the perivascular nerves throughout the arterial cerebral cir culation. The density of the immunoreactive fibers was highest in the nerves of the larger extracerebral arteries, declining in smaller branching arteries. All peptide se quences were identified in the nerves of small pial arte rioles overlying the cortical convexity, whereas capillar ies and veins contained no immunoreactive material. Rat vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) issynthesized from a precursor, preproVIP, consist ing of about 170 amino acid residues (Nishizawa et aI., 1985). PreproVIP can be divided functionally into six domains (Nishizawa et aI., 1985) that in clude the amino acid sequences of VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), which are biologically active (e.g. Edvinsson and McCulloch, 1985). Other Abbreviations used: BA, basilar artery; ICA, inferior cerebel lar artery; PBS, potassium-phosphate-buffered saline; PBS-TX, PBS containing Triton X-IOO; PHI, peptide histidine isoleucine; SCA, superior cerebellar artery; VA, vertebral artery; VIP, va soactive intestinal polypeptide. 932Dendritic processes of neocortical neurons immunoreac tive for VIP and PHI could be followed towards the brain surface where the processes penetrated into the pial layer, often close to the pial vasculature. Some of the processes were also observed to enter the Virchow-Robin space, close to the arterioles. It is possible that cortical nerve cells containing VIP and PHI release the peptides in the perivascular space during periods of activity and thereby contribute to local vasodilatation associated with changes of neuronal function. Key Words: Vasoactive in testinal polypeptide (VIP)-Peptide histidine isoleucine VIP precursor-Immunohistochemistry-Radioimmuno assay-Cerebral blood vessels-Innervation-Rat Metabolic autoregulation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Prepro-Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Derived Peptide Sequences in Cerebral Blood Vessels of Rats: On the Functional Anatomy of Metabolic Autoregulation

Zhang¹,

Mikkelsen

Fahrenkrug

et al. 1991

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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“…However, in the avian ciliary ganglion, less than 50% of neurons express immunoreactivity to ChAT (Coulombe and Bronner, 1990) what stays in contrast to our findings from the porcine ganglion. Data exist suggesting that pterygopalatine ganglion neurons of the rat are cholinergic (Hara et al, 1985). In these neurons, the presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme of the acetylcholine break-down (believed to be also a marker of cholinergic nerve fibers), was detected.…”

Section: Original Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these neurons, the presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme of the acetylcholine break-down (believed to be also a marker of cholinergic nerve fibers), was detected. In the rat, AChE co-localized with immunoreactivity for VIP (the peptide being co-transmi�er in cholinergic nerve fibers) and these neurons were found to contribute to the innervation of the cerebral arteries (Hara et al, 1985).…”

Section: Original Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…nerve fibers originating from the PPG (Yoshida et al, 1993;Goadsby et al, 1996;Toda et al, 2000) but involvement of other biologically active substances, like vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is also possible (Hara et al, 1985). It is possible that pterygopalatine ganglion is somehow involved in the pathogenesis of headache and migraine (Ekbom, 1999;Goadsby, 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Localization of immunoreactivities for neuropeptides and neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes in the pterygopalatine ganglion of the pig

Podlasz¹,

Wąsowicz²,

Kaleczyc³

et al. 2003

Vet. Med.

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Study on the presence of the selected biologically active substances in nerve structures of the porcine pterygopalatine ganglion was performed with the use of immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. All neurons in the ganglion were ChAT-, VAChT-, NOS- and VIP- positive. However, some neurons displayed strong immunoreactivity, while in other neurons, immunoreactivity was moderate, or weak. Somatostatin (SOM) was present in approx. 11% of neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH-positive) neurons were not detected, although in single nerve cell bodies, TH antibody revealed very weak staining which could be attributed to some residual TH immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity to NPY was found in 25% of all neuronal perikarya while PACAP was present only in 2–3% of them. More numerous neurons (6%) contained immunoreactivity to GAL. No neurons stained for SP or CGRP. Numerous ChAT-, VAChT-, NOS-, VIP-, and PACAP-positive, scarce SP and CGRP-positive, single SOM-, NPY- and GAL-positive nerve fibers were observed throughout the ganglion. No TH immunoreactivity was found in the nerve fibres. RT-PCR detected strong signal of the transcripts of ChAT, SOM, NOS, VIP, NPY, PACAP, and GAL. Only very weak signal was observed in case of TH, SP and CGRP. No RT-PCR was performed for VAChT message.

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“…Lower levels were found in the small pial vessels Innervation of cerebral blood vessels by cholin ergic fibers was described at the beginning of this century (Chorobski and Penfield, 1932;Cobb and Finesinger, 1932). More recent studies have shown the presence of periadventitial fibers containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain vessels (Ed vinsson, 1975;Hara et al, 1985). However, the demonstration of a high activity for choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) and of ChAT -immunoreactive fibers in the cerebrovascular bed (Florence and Be- Abbreviations used: ACh, acetylcholine; AChE, acetylcho linesterase; amu, atomic mass unit; ChAT, choline acetyltrans ferase; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; SPG, sphenopalatine ganglion; VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetylcholine Levels and Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Rat Cerebrovascular Bed after Uni- or Bilateral Sphenopalatine Ganglionectomy

Dauphin

Richard

Seylaz

et al. 1991

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Summary: Endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) levels and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity were measured in several vascular segments (major cerebral arteries, cor tical pial vessels, and peripheral arteries) and nervous tissues [including the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG)] in the rat. The effects of uni-or bilateral surgical ablation of the SPG, a putative origin of the cholinergic cerebrovas cular innervation, were investigated on these two specific cholinergic markers at various postoperative times. ChAT activity and ACh levels were enriched in the cere bral as compared to the peripheral arteries. Among the cerebrovascular tissues tested, ACh levels were particu larly high in the circle of Willis and the vertebrobasilar segments and, to a lesser extent, in the middle cerebral artery. Lower levels were found in the small pial vessels Innervation of cerebral blood vessels by cholin ergic fibers was described at the beginning of this century (Chorobski and Penfield, 1932;Cobb and Finesinger, 1932). More recent studies have shown the presence of periadventitial fibers containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain vessels (Ed vinsson, 1975;Hara et al., 1985). However, the demonstration of a high activity for choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) and of ChAT -immunoreactive fibers in the cerebrovascular bed (Florence and Be- Abbreviations used: ACh, acetylcholine; AChE, acetylcho linesterase; amu, atomic mass unit; ChAT, choline acetyltrans ferase; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; SPG, sphenopalatine ganglion; VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. 253and choroid plexus. Overall, ChAT activity measured in different arterial beds paralleled the distribution of ACh. Following uni-or bilateral removal of the SPG, slight re ductions (18-36%, statistically not significant) were ob served in ChAT activity in rostral cerebral arteries and pial vessels overlying the frontal cortex. Similarly, bilat eral ganglionectomy resulted in minor decreases (11-22%, not significant) in the cerebrovascular contents of ACh in these same vascular segments. These results clearly show that the SPG does not or only partly con tributes to the cholinergic fibers that supply the cerebro vascular bed.

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Origin of cholinergic nerves to the rat major cerebral arteries: Coexistence with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

Cited by 193 publications

References 24 publications

Prepro-Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Derived Peptide Sequences in Cerebral Blood Vessels of Rats: On the Functional Anatomy of Metabolic Autoregulation

Prepro-Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Derived Peptide Sequences in Cerebral Blood Vessels of Rats: On the Functional Anatomy of Metabolic Autoregulation

Localization of immunoreactivities for neuropeptides and neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes in the pterygopalatine ganglion of the pig

Acetylcholine Levels and Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Rat Cerebrovascular Bed after Uni- or Bilateral Sphenopalatine Ganglionectomy

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