Origin of Berthierine in Ironstones

Bhattacharyya, D. P.

doi:10.1346/ccmn.1983.0310302

Cited by 90 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Berthierine and chamosite are considered good indicators of the geological processes and conditions under which this deposit was formed. Thus, they represent an important key in the knowledge of the environmental characteristics that contribute to the formation of important iron-ore deposits in the world (Damyanov and Vassileva, 2001;Slack et al, 1992;Bhattacharyya, 1983). The results obtained support the hypothesis of a SEDEX origin for this deposit.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…It has a layered structure, each layer having a tetrahedral (Si, Al) 2 O 5 component, and linked to a tri-octahedral (brucite-type) component (Deer, 1993). This latter component is similar to ferriferrous clay mineral (Bhattacharyya, 1983 (Bhattacharyya, 1983). Berthierine has Fe-Al, 1:1-type layer silicate with basal spacing of 7Å (Damyanov and Vassileva, 2001).…”

Section: Berthierinementioning

confidence: 86%

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Berthierine and chamosite hydrothermal: genetic guides in the Peña Colorada magnetite-bearing ore deposit, Mexico

et al. 2006

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We report the first finding of berthierine and chamosite in Mexico. They occur in the iron-ore deposit of Peña Colorada, Colima. Their genetic characteristics show two different mineralization events associated mainly to the magnetite ore. Berthierine is an Fe-rich and Mg-low 1:1 layer phyllosilicate of hydrothermal sedimentary origin. Its structure is 7Å, d hkl [1 0 0] basal spacing and low degree structural ordering. The phyllosilicate has been identified by a lack of 14Å basal reflection on X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. These data were supported by High Resolution Transmision Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) images that show thick packets of berthierine in well defined parallel plates. From the analysis of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), we found around [1 0 0] reflections of berhierine 7.12Å and corresponding angles of hexagonal crystalline structure. Berthierine has a microcrystalline structure, dark green color, and high refraction index (1.64 to 1.65). Birefringence is low, near 0.007 to null and it is associated to nanoparticles (<15 nm) and microparticles of magnetite (<25 μm), fine grain siderite, and organic matter. Its texture is intergranular-interstratified with colloform banding. The chamosite Mg-rich is of hydrothermal epigenetic origin affected by low-degree metamorphism. It is an Fe-rich 2:1 layer silicate, with basal space of 14Å, d hkl [0 0 1]. The chamosite occurs as lamellar in sizes ranging from 50 to 150 μm. It has intense green color and refraction index from 1.64 to 1.65. The birefringence is near 0.008, with biaxial (-) orientation and a 2V small. It is associated mainly to sericite, epidote, clay, feldspar, and magnetite. Chamosite is emplaced in open spaces filling and linings. Mössbauer spectra of berthierine and chamosite are similar. They show the typical spectra of paramagnetic substances, with two well defined unfoldings corresponding to the oxidation state of Fe +2 and Fe +3 . Chemical composition of both minerals was obtained by an electron probe X-ray micro-analyzer (EPMA). The radio Fe+Mg+Mn vs Si and Al show similar chemical compositions and different XRD patterns in the crystalline structure provoked by the environmental conditions of emplacement. A hydrothermal environment was predominant, occurring before, during, and after the magnetite mineralization. The identification of magnetite nanoparticles supports the hypothesis of a marine environment, specifically exhalative sedimentary (SEDEX) for the berthierine.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Berthierinementioning

confidence: 86%

Berthierine and chamosite hydrothermal: genetic guides in the Peña Colorada magnetite-bearing ore deposit, Mexico

et al. 2006

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“…Berthierine is a common Fe-rich aluminous phyllosilicate in iron formations (Bhattacharyya, 1983;Chamley, 1989;Young, 1989). It is a 1:1 member of the serpentine group with 7-/k periodicity (Bailey, 1984(Bailey, , 1988a, but is unique in having high Fe and A1 contents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of most berthierine in iron formations has been inferred to involve diagenetic and hydrothermal alteration of pre-existing phases, mainly ka-olinite, or direct precipitation from fluids and gels (e.g., Bhattacharyya, 1983;Young, 1989). Powder X-ray diffraction and chemical analytical data have led to the identification of berthierine in only a small number of shallow marine sediments and unmetamorphosed clastic sedimentary rocks (Velde et al, 1974;Frey, 1970Frey, , 1978Iijima and Matsumoto, 1982;Curtis et al, 1985;Taylor, 1990;Walker and Thompson, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructures, Mixed Layering, and Polymorphism of Chlorite and Retrograde Berthierine in the Kidd Creek Massive Sulfide Deposit, Ontario

Jiang

Peacor

Slack

1992

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to determine the origins of berthierine and chlorite in the core of the footwall alteration zone of the Kidd Creek massive sulfide deposit, Ontario. TEM images show lamellar intergrowths of packets of berthierine, mixed-layer chlorite/berthierine, FeMg chlorite, and relatively Fe-rich chlorite that contain dislocations, stacking faults, kink bands, and gliding along (001). Interstratification of packets of berthierine and chlorite with one to several tens of layers commonly is associated with terminations of a layer of chlorite by two layers of berthierine. Layers in adjacent domains ofberthierine and chlorite are continuous across interfaces that transect their common {001 } planes. High-strain zones that cut across cleavage planes, consisting of distorted layers and lensshaped pores, are associated with stacking faults and gliding along cleavage planes in chlorite crystals. Similar features separate interstratified chlorite/berthierine of different structures and textures, implying development of such composite grains after deformation of chlorite. Electron diffraction patterns show that the chlorite is an ordered one-or two-layer polytype or a one-layer polytype with semi-random stacking, and that the berthierine is a one-layer polytype with semi-random stacking epitaxially intergrown with chlorite.Coexisting chlorite and berthierine have nearly identical ranges of compositions, containing Si ~ 5, Al 6, and Fe ~ 6.5-8.5 pfu, and minor, variable Mg and Mn contents, in formulae normalized on the basis of 20 total cations. This implies polymorphism among Fe,Al-rich members of the serpentine and chlorite groups. In one of the samples, berthierine and mixed-layer chlorite/berthierine coexist with chlorite having two compositional ranges, including Fe-rich chlorite with a relatively wide range of Fe-Mg contents, and a dominant Fe-Mg chlorite. In another sample, compositionally homogeneous Fe-rich chlorite is associated with berthierine and mixed-layer chlorite/berthierine; Fe-Mg chlorite was not detected.The "microstrnctural relations and the presence of coexisting polymorphs, complex mixed layering, heterogeneous potytypism, and wide ranges of mineral compositions are consistent with replacement of chlorite by berthierine under non-equilibrium retrograde conditions, in contrast to the generally assumed prograde origin for other berthierine occurrences.

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“…For example, Fe-rich chlorite has very intense even basal (00/, 1 = even) Xray reflections and therefore m a y be very similar to a mixture of clinochlore and berthierine. Berthierine also shares similarities with kaolinite, a dioctahedral m e mber of the serpentine-kaolin group.Berthierine c o m m o n l y occurs in marine sediments, especially in marine oolitic ironstone formations (e.g., Bhattacharyya, 1983). It usually derives from marine rocks or from rocks influenced by marine waters during early diagenesis (Hallam and Bradshaw, 1979).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Clay-Mineral Formation from a Subvolcanic Rock by Interaction with 1 M NaOH Solution at Room Temperature

Drief

Nieto

Navas

2001

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--The alteration process of a subvolcanic rock with calcic plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine as major components was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analytical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM/AEM). Experimental interaction with 1 M NaOH solution led to the formation of dioctahedral beidellite to Fe-rich montmorillonite after 1 and 3 d of reaction. This range of smectite composition is similar to that from natural subvolcanic-derived soil formed from the same parent material. After 14 d of reaction, a berthierine-smectite (B-S) interstratified clay had partially replaced the smectite. Although, the presence of smectite interlayers prevented analysis of pure berthierine, berthierine-rich B-S interstratifications have a composition similar to pure berthierine. After 40 d, the alteration process led to a 7-A S interstratification whose composition falls between greenalite and lizardite. A series of amorphous materials were also found in the 14 and 40-d experiments. The most abundant of these is a Si-CaFe-rich material, whose chemical composition approaches that of the starting rock. In contrast, two other amorphous materials had a smectitic composition.Key W o r d s~A E M Analysis, Berthierine, Interstratification, Lizardite, NaOH Solution, Smectite. I N T R O D U C T I O NClay minerals such as smectites are widely distributed over the earth's crust as the weathering products of volcanic glasses or rock-forming minerals. Smectites have been synthesized at low temperature using v a r i o u s starting materials. F a r m e r et al. (1991a, 1991b) found that saponite-and nontronite-like structures developed from aluminosilicate precipitates digested in solutions containing M g and Fe ions, respectively. Plee et al. (1987) and Schultz et aI. (1987) reported the synthesis of beidellite from aluminosilicate gel in N a O H solutions at 300-340~ Grauby et al. (1993) synthesized smectite in the beidellite-saponite series using synthetic gels at 200~On the basis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, they concluded that the A1-Mg series was continuous b e t w e e n beidellite and montmorillonite end-members. T h e formation of beidellite using aluminosilicate gel as starting material was also investigated by Kloprogge et al. (1990), with experiments performed in N a O H solutions with pH ranging from 7.5 to 13.5 at a temperature of 350~According to these authors, the m o s t highly crystallized beidellite was obtained at 350~ 1 Kbar, 5 d of reaction, and a pH of 10 in the starting solution. K a w a n o and Tomita (1992) reported the formation of beidellite b y hydrothermal alteration of volcanic glass below 200~ M o r e recently, the same authors ( K a w a n o and Tomita, 1994) studied the growth of smectite from leached layers during the experimental alteration of albite in deionized-distilled water at temperatures ranging from 150 to 225~ Berthierine, less c o m m o n in nature than smectite, is an iron-rich aluminous trioctahedral 1:l-type phyllosilicate belonging to the ser...

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Origin of Berthierine in Ironstones

Cited by 90 publications

References 30 publications

Berthierine and chamosite hydrothermal: genetic guides in the Peña Colorada magnetite-bearing ore deposit, Mexico

Berthierine and chamosite hydrothermal: genetic guides in the Peña Colorada magnetite-bearing ore deposit, Mexico

Microstructures, Mixed Layering, and Polymorphism of Chlorite and Retrograde Berthierine in the Kidd Creek Massive Sulfide Deposit, Ontario

Experimental Clay-Mineral Formation from a Subvolcanic Rock by Interaction with 1 M NaOH Solution at Room Temperature

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