Origin of a major infectious disease in vertebrates: The timing of<i>Cryptosporidium</i>evolution and its hosts

García–R, Juan C.; Hayman, David T. S.

doi:10.1017/s0031182016001323

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…More systematic sampling of local and introduced fauna along with whole genome sequences over short timescales will allow us to identify major functional loci involved in host specificity, proliferation and host shifting. This information will provide insights into the zoonotic potential of different genotypes, host range, cross-species transmission and risks for host shifts to humans [67]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local and global genetic diversity of protozoan parasites: Spatial distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes

et al. 2017

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Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are recognized as significant enteric diseases due to their long-term health effects in humans and their economic impact in agriculture and medical care. Molecular analysis is essential to identify species and genotypes causing these infectious diseases and provides a potential tool for monitoring. This study uses information on species and genetic variants to gain insights into the geographical distribution and spatial patterns of Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites. Here, we describe the population heterogeneity of genotypic groups within Cryptosporidium and Giardia present in New Zealand using gp60 and gdh markers to compare the observed variation with other countries around the globe. Four species of Cryptosporidium (C. hominis, C. parvum, C. cuniculus and C. erinacei) and one species of Giardia (G. intestinalis) were identified. These species have been reported worldwide and there are not unique Cryptosporidium gp60 subtype families and Giardia gdh assemblages in New Zealand, most likely due to high gene flow of historical and current human activity (travel and trade) and persistence of large host population sizes. The global analysis revealed that genetic variants of these pathogens are widely distributed. However, genetic variation is underestimated by data biases (e.g. neglected submission of sequences to genetic databases) and low sampling. New genotypes are likely to be discovered as sampling efforts increase according to accumulation prediction analyses, especially for C. parvum. Our study highlights the need for greater sampling and archiving of genotypes globally to allow comparative analyses that help understand the population dynamics of these protozoan parasites. Overall our study represents a comprehensive overview for exploring local and global protozoan genotype diversity and advances our understanding of the importance for surveillance and potential risk associated with these infectious diseases. Author summaryInfectious diseases threaten the health and well-being of wildlife, livestock and human populations and contribute to significant economic impact in agriculture and medical Funding: This research was funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.care. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are enteric protozoan pathogens that cause diarrhea and nutritional disorders on a global level. Using molecular analysis and a review framework we showed that species and genetic variants within genera Cryptosporidium and Giardia (including two species recently infecting humans) found in an island system are not different from other parts of the world. This similarity is likely due to high gene flow of historical and current human activity (travel and trade) and persistence of large host population sizes, such as cattle and people. We also show that, although species...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These recombinant events are associated to the high probability of finding new genotypes (S4 Fig). Cryptosporidium parvum displayed a large genotypic variation as a result of gene combinations and host range shift [67]. Similarly, genetic recombination has been shown to occur commonly in C .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local and global genetic diversity of protozoan parasites: Spatial distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes

et al. 2017

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“…The evolutionary process which leads to speciation in the genus Cryptosporidium is unknown. The parasitic life style of these species and the observation that certain Cryptosporidium species or genotypes appear to have a narrow host range, has led to the assumption that parasite populations infecting different host species have evolved separately and differentiated into genetically distinct populations and/or have co-evolved with the host (Garcia & Hayman, 2016). The existence of Cryptosporidium species with distinct organ tropism, together with the recent expansion of good quality Cryptosporidium genome sequences, provides new opportunities to query genomes for polymorphisms which may reflect adaptation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse single-amino-acid repeat profiles in the genusCryptosporidium

Widmer

2018

Parasitology

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Genome sequencing has greatly contributed to our understanding of parasitic protozoa. This is particularly the case for Cryptosporidium species (phylum Apicomplexa) which are difficult to propagate. Because of their polymorphic nature, simple sequence repeats have been used extensively as genotypic markers to differentiate between isolates, but no global analysis of amino acid repeats in Cryptosporidium genomes has been reported. Taking advantage of several newly sequenced Cryptosporidium genomes, a comparative analysis of single-amino-acid repeats (SAARs) in seven species was undertaken. This analysis revealed a striking difference between the SAAR profile of the gastric and intestinal species which infect mammals and one species which infects birds. In average, total SAAR length in gastric species is only 25% of the cumulative SAAR length in the genome of Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium meleagridis, species infectious to humans. The SAAR profile in the avian parasite Cryptosporidium baileyi stands out due to the presence of long asparagine repeats. Cryptosporidium baileyi proteins with repeats ⩾20 residues are significantly enriched in regulatory functions. As postulated for the related apicomplexan species Plasmodium falciparum, these observations suggest that Cryptosporidium SAARs evolve in response to selective pressure. The putative selective mechanisms driving SAAR evolution in Cryptosporidium species are unknown.

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“…Parasites of the genus of Cryptosporidium infect virtually all vertebrate groups, with some species exhibiting host specificity [1,2]. Currently, approximately 31 valid species of Cryptosporidium have been described [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium in Wildlife Populations Co-Located in a Protected Watershed in the Pacific Northwest, 2013 to 2016

Nguyen

Xiao

et al. 2020

Microorganisms

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Between October 2013 and May 2016, 506 scat samples were collected from 22 species of wildlife located in a protected watershed of a major municipal water supply in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in the wildlife scat was 13.8% (70/506), with 15 species of wildlife found positive for Cryptosporidium. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium varied among species of wildlife, with higher prevalences observed in cougars (50.0%), mountain beavers (40.0%), and bobcats (33.3%), but none of these species are riparian-dependent. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium by sequencing PCR amplicons from the 18S rRNA gene were successful for seven species of wildlife, including bobcat, unknown predator, black-tailed deer, deer mouse, snowshoe hare, mountain beaver, and western spotted skunk. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses indicated that multiple species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium were present, with some isolates possibly co-circulating within and between wildlife populations in this protected watershed. Evidence of oocyst exchange between infected prey and their predators was also found. During the study period, several zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and genotypes that are uncommon in humans were detected in bobcat (99.58% identical to Cryptosporidium felis), unknown predator (100% identical to Cryptosporidium canis), snowshoe hare (100% identical to Cryptosporidium sp. skunk genotype), and mountain beaver (100% identical to Cryptosporidium ubiquitum). Novel sequences were also found in mountain beaver. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a unique genotype or species of Cryptosporidium in mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa).

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Origin of a major infectious disease in vertebrates: The timing ofCryptosporidiumevolution and its hosts

Cited by 16 publications

References 67 publications

Local and global genetic diversity of protozoan parasites: Spatial distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes

Local and global genetic diversity of protozoan parasites: Spatial distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes

Diverse single-amino-acid repeat profiles in the genusCryptosporidium

Prevalence and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium in Wildlife Populations Co-Located in a Protected Watershed in the Pacific Northwest, 2013 to 2016

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