Origin in Tobacco Smoke of 
            N
            ′-Nitrosonornicotine, a Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen: 
            Brief Communication
            2
            3

Hoffmann, Dietrich; Dong, Michael W.; Hecht, Stephen S.

doi:10.1093/jnci/58.6.1841

Cited by 55 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Agronomic, environmental, and postharvest tobacco curing and processing methods affect levels of TSNAs in tobacco filler 16, 35 Thus, variations in these conditions as well as blending of various types of tobaccos can cause considerable differences in filler TSNA amounts and subsequently the amounts in smoke. Additionally, scientific evidence suggests that 30 to 50% of NNN and NNK in machine-generated mainstream smoke is due to transfer from the tobacco filler to smoke during combustion 36-39 and such studies have led to claims of a proportional relationship between TSNAs in both tobacco filler and mainstream smoke. 25, 26 The feasibility of testing for these nitrosamines in both tobacco filler and smoke of the same products, for comparative product analysis, has been formally demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of U.S. Commercial Cigarettes

Edwards¹,

Rossiter²,

Taylor³

et al. 2016

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are N-nitroso-derivatives of pyridine-alkaloids (e.g., nicotine) present in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Two TSNAs, N’-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), are included on the Food and Drug Administration’s list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products and tobacco. The amounts of four TSNAs (NNK, NNN, N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and N’-nitrosoanatabine (NAT)) in the tobacco and mainstream smoke from 50 U.S. commercial cigarette brands were measured from November 15, 2011 to January 4, 2012 using a validated, HPLC-MS/MS method. Smoke samples were generated using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) machine-smoking regimens. NNN and NAT were the most abundant TSNAs in tobacco filler and smoke across all cigarette brands whereas NNK and NAB were present in the least amounts. The average of the ratios for each TSNA in mainstream smoke to filler content is 29% by the CI smoking regimen and 13% for the ISO machine-smoking regimen. The reliability of each TSNA to predict total TSNA amounts in the filler and smoke was examined. NNN, NAT, and NAB have a moderate to high correlation (R2 = 0.61 – 0.98) and all three TSNAs individually predict total TSNAs with minimal difference between measured and predicted total TSNA amounts (error < 7.4%). NNK has weaker correlation (R2 = 0.56 – 0.82) and is a less reliable predictor of total TSNA quantities. Tobacco weight and levels of TSNAs in filler influence TSNA levels in smoke from the CI machine-smoking regimen. In contrast, filter ventilation is a major determinant of levels of TSNAs in smoke by the ISO machine-smoking regimen. Comparative analysis demonstrates substantial variability in TSNA amounts in tobacco filler and mainstream smoke yields under ISO and CI machine smoking regimens among U.S. commercial cigarette brands.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of U.S. Commercial Cigarettes

Edwards¹,

Rossiter²,

Taylor³

et al. 2016

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…Formation of additional amounts of TSNA may also occur during burning,6 however, the results of studies investigating the relative contribution of pyrosynthesis to the total amount of TSNA found in cigarette smoke have been inconsistent 7 8. Overall, a number of later studies demonstrate that the amounts of TSNA formed during tobacco burning are not significant and that the levels of preformed TSNA in tobacco determine yields in smoke 8–12.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinogenic tobacco-specificN-nitrosamines in US cigarettes: three decades of remarkable neglect by the tobacco industry

et al. 2011

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Modification of tobacco curing methods and other changes in cigarette manufacturing techniques could substantially reduce the levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), a group of potent carcinogens, in cigarette smoke. In 1999, two major U.S. cigarette manufacturers stated their intent to move towards using tobaccos low in TSNA. Since there is no information available on current TSNA levels in tobacco of various cigarettes available in the U.S., we examined the levels of these carcinogens in currently marketed brands. Seventeen brands of cigarettes were purchased in April of 2010 from retail stores in Minnesota. In all brands, the sum of two potent carcinogenic TSNA – 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and N′-nitrosonornicotine – in cigarette filler averaged 2.54 (±1.05) μg/g tobacco. This value is virtually identical to the sum of these two carcinogens reported for the tobacco of a U.S. filtered cigarette in 1979. TSNA levels in smoke positively correlated with those in tobacco filler of the same cigarettes. We found no indication that any meaningful attempt was made to reduce or even control TSNA levels in the new varieties of the popular brands Marlboro and Camel introduced over the last decade. In light of the recently granted regulatory authority to the FDA over tobacco products, regulation of TSNA levels in cigarette tobacco should be strongly considered to reduce the levels of these potent carcinogens in cigarette smoke.

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“…Nearly isogenic yb 1 yb 1 yb 2 yb 2 versions of these cultivars were in the BC 8 S 6 generation for this study and are estimated to be identical to their respective recurrent parents at >99.6% of the positions across the entire tobacco genome. The double-homozygous recessive (yb1 yb 1 yb 2 yb 2 ) versions of NC 95, SC 58, and Coker 139 are hereafter referred to as NC 95 yb, SC 58 yb, and Coker 139 yb, respectively. Experimental Design and Management.…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of Alleles at the Yellow Burley (Yb) Loci and Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine (TSNA) Formation in Air-Cured Tobacco

Lewis

Parker

Danehower

et al. 2012

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) formation in tobacco is influenced by alkaloid levels and the availability of nitrosating agents. Tobacco types differ in their potential for TSNA accumulation due to genetic, agronomic, and curing factors. Highest TSNA concentrations are typically measured in burley tobaccos. One of the main genetic differences between burley and all other tobacco types is that this tobacco type is homozygous for recessive mutant alleles at the Yellow Burley 1 (Yb(1)) and Yellow Burley 2 (Yb(2)) loci. In addition, burley tobacco is typically fertilized at higher nitrogen (N) rates than most other tobacco types. This study utilized nearly isogenic lines (NILs) differing for the presence of dominant or recessive alleles at the Yb(1) and Yb(2) loci to investigate the potential influence of genes at these loci on TSNA accumulation. Three pairs of NILs were evaluated at three different nitrogen fertilization rates for alkaloid levels, nitrogen physiology measures, and TSNA accumulation after air-curing. As previously observed by others, positive correlations were observed between N application rates and TSNA accumulation. Recessive alleles at Yb(1) and Yb(2) were associated with increased alkaloid levels, reduced nitrogen use efficiency, reduced nitrogen utilization efficiency, and increased leaf nitrate nitrogen (NO(3)-N). Acting together, these factors contributed to significantly greater TSNA levels in genotypes possessing the recessive alleles at these two loci relative to those carrying the dominant alleles. The chlorophyll-deficient phenotype conferred by the recessive yb(1) and yb(2) alleles probably contributes in a substantial way to increase available NO(3)-N during curing and, consequently, increased potential for TSNA formation.

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Origin in Tobacco Smoke of N ′-Nitrosonornicotine, a Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen: Brief Communication 2 3

Cited by 55 publications

References 0 publications

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of U.S. Commercial Cigarettes

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of U.S. Commercial Cigarettes

Carcinogenic tobacco-specificN-nitrosamines in US cigarettes: three decades of remarkable neglect by the tobacco industry

Impact of Alleles at the Yellow Burley (Yb) Loci and Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine (TSNA) Formation in Air-Cured Tobacco

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