Origin and evolution of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus hemagglutinin gene

Reid, Ann; Fanning, Thomas G.; Hultin, Johan V.; Taubenberger, Jeffery K.

doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1651

Cited by 537 publications

(473 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The "Spanish flu" pandemic of 1918 was responsible for >20 million deaths worldwide (19,20) T a b l e 3 . Cl i n i c a l Da t a a n d S e v e r i t y o f P n e u mo n i a duces only moderate pneumonia (6,12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease Severity in Patients with Simultaneous Influenza and Bacterial Pneumonia

et al. 2007

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease Severity in Patients with Simultaneous Influenza and Bacterial Pneumonia

et al. 2007

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“…The exhumation of whalers who died almost 100 years ago, and lay buried on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, may be an example: because of the arctic environment it was hoped that their mummified bodies might allow for retrieval of viral RNA in order to characterize the Spanish flu epidemic (Davis et al, 2000). This was not the case, but it was possible to reconstruct the sequence of a viral gene due to analyses of lung tissue from a Spanish flu victim buried in permafrost in Alaska (Reid et al, 1999).…”

Section: Mummies and Paleopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mummies

Lynnerup

2007

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

165

115

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Mummies are human remains with preservation of nonbony tissue. Mummification by natural influences results in so-called natural mummies, whereas mummification induced by active (human) intervention results in so-called artificial mummies, although many cultures practiced burial rites, which to some degree involved both natural and artificial mummification. Since they are so uniquely well-preserved, mummies may give many insights into mortuary practices and burial rites. Specifically, the presence of soft tissues may expand the scope of paleopathological studies. Many recent mummy studies focus on the development and application of nondestructive methods for examining mummies, including radiography, CT-scanning with advanced three-dimensional visualizations, and endoscopic techniques, as well as minimally-destructive chemical, physical, and biological methods for, e.g., stable isotopes, trace metals, and DNA. This article discusses mummification and gives a presentation of various key mummy finds and a brief history of mummy studies. A description of the extant key technologies of natural and medical science that are applied in mummy studies is given; along with a discussion of some of the major results in terms of paleopathology. It is also shown how mummy studies have contributed much to the knowledge of the cultural habits and everyday life of past populations. Finally the impact of mummy studies on analyses of mortuary practices and cultural history is discussed. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 50: 162-190, 2007. V

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“…Un hecho interesante es que afectó a seres humanos y a cerdos simultáneamente 16,17 , lo que condujo a pensar que el cerdo es un portador intermedio de ambas gripes de los tipos aviar y humana. Mató al 50% de los adultos de 15 a 34 años que lo contrajeron.…”

Section: Reconocimiento Histórico De La Gripe Y De La Gripe Aviarunclassified

“…Otra característica especial en la gripe aviar es que tiene receptores en otras especies mamíferas, como en los cerdos 16,17,42 . Esto es muy preocupante, ya que el cerdo es muy común en la dieta humana y se encuentra habitualmente en contacto cercano a las poblaciones humanas 55 .…”

Section: Mecanismo De Extensiónunclassified

Gripe aviar: lo que un intensivista debe conocer

Casillas¹,

Fernandez²,

Varon³

2008

Medicina Intensiva

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En el siglo pasado, la humanidad ha hecho frente a tres de las mayores pandemias de infecciones por el virus de la gripe. La primera fue en 1918, y causó una cantidad significativa de muertes. Éste ha sido también capaz de cruzar la barrera de la especie y afectar a los mamíferos y, lo más preocupante, a los seres humanos. Desde entonces se han publicado varios brotes en el sudeste de Asia. Una gran cantidad de pacientes presenta un curso severo que desarrolla neumonía y disfunción, que implica al hígado, los riñones, el cerebro y los pulmones.Puesto que el virus carece de control regulador de la división genética, experimenta mutaciones constantes que conducen a nuevos subtipos y a nuevas cepas. Los únicos fármacos que han mostrado cierta protección son oseltamivir y zanamivir. Es crucial desarrollar vacunas eficaces y no costosas para prevenir la extensión del virus y la infección, no solamente en seres humanos sino también en aves. PALABRAS CLAVE: gripe aviar, fallo respiratorio agudo, virus H5N1, neuraminidasa, oseltamivir. BIRD FLU: WHAT THE INTENSIVIST MUST KNOWIn the last century, humankind has faced 3 major pandemics of influenza virus infections. The first one occurred in 1918 and caused a significant amount of deaths. It was also capable of crossing over species barrier and affecting mammals, and most worrisome, humans. Since then several outbreaks have been reported in the Southeast of Asia. Many patients with the flu-like illness have a severe course and the patient develops pneumonia and in some cases multiorgan failure involving liver, kidneys, brain and lungs.Since the virus lacks regulatory control of genetic division it undergoes constant mutations leading to new subtypes and, sometimes, new strains. The only drugs that have shown some protection are oseltamivir and zanamivir. It is crucial to develop effective and non-expensive vaccines to prevent the virus spread and infection not only in humans but in birds too.

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Origin and evolution of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus hemagglutinin gene

Abstract: The

Cited by 537 publications

References 30 publications

Disease Severity in Patients with Simultaneous Influenza and Bacterial Pneumonia

Disease Severity in Patients with Simultaneous Influenza and Bacterial Pneumonia

Mummies

Gripe aviar: lo que un intensivista debe conocer

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