Origin and Evolution of Rice as Domesticated Food Crop

Sangeetha, Jeyabalan; Thangadurai, Devarajan; Fayeun, Lawrence Stephen; Akinwale, Jonathan Akinsola; Habeeb, Jasmin; Maxim, Steffi Simmi; Hospet, Ravichandra; Islam, Saher

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4120-9_1

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 62 publications

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“…Rice cultivation in SSA is believed to have begun 2,000-3,000 years ago, when people grew African rice, native to Africa (Linares, 2002). The Asian rice, domesticated in tropical and sub-tropical Asia, was then introduced to Africa in the 16 th century, where it has now largely replaced O. glaberrima (Cubry et al, 2018;Linares, 2002;Sangeetha et al, 2020). In the last five decades, total rice production in SSA has increased seven-fold from 4.6 to 32.0 million metric tons per year (FAO, 2021).…”

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Increasing smallholder rice production in East Africa : Fertilisers or good agronomic practices?

Awio

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Meeting the demand for staple food crops, especially cereals, is one of the challenges sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) continues to grapple with. Low crop productivity in SSA is the main contributor to the inability to meet the food demand. Increasing crop productivity in smallholder farming systems, hence closing the gap between potential and actual farm yields, is needed to meet the food demand on existing arable land. In order to address the low soil fertility that limits crop productivity, farmers apply NPK fertilisers. Yet, fertilisation with only NPK is not always resulting in better yields on farmers' fields. Crop responses to NPK fertilisation can be influenced by other nutrients, recommended agronomic practices (RAP) and inherent soil fertility. However, there is little attention to secondary and micro-nutrient fertiliser use by smallholder farmers, while farmers' application of RAP tends to be sub-optimal. Also, variation in inherent soil fertility level exists among farmers' fields because of crop management differences.Improved understanding of the role of secondary and micro-nutrients, RAP, and inherent soil fertility is therefore required to design management packages to enhance grain yield and NPK use efficiency. The aim of this thesis is to quantify for lowland rice the effect of secondary and micro-nutrients, RAP under researcher supervision and as applied by farmers, and inherent fertility on rice yield and NPK use efficiency, and to identify feasible options to improve productivity.Researcher-and farmer-managed joint on-farm experiments were conducted under irrigated and rainfed lowland conditions in Tanzania and Uganda. For the researchermanaged on-farm trials conducted between 2015 and 2017, treatments tested included RAP combined with: zero fertilisation as a control, NPK fertilisation with and without secondary and micro-nutrients (S, Mg, B, Cu, Mn, Zn), and/or treatments where B, Mn and Zn were omitted one at a time from the NPK + secondary and micro-nutrient treatment. Treatments for the joint on-farm trials conducted in 114 farmers' fields in Uganda in 2019 included farmers' practice (FP) as a control, RAP with and without NPK, and farmer-selected best practices geared towards intensification (farmers' intensification practice, FIP). One year after the joint on-farm trials, a follow-up evaluation study using a semi-structured questionnaire and field observations was conducted. For the researcher-and farmer-managed joint trials, data were collected on grain yield and yield components. Plant sample analyses were also made for the joint on-farm trials to determine N, P and K tissue concentrations. While data on socio-Abstract viii economic, crop management practices and grain yield were collected during the followup evaluation study.Grain yield improved due to NPK fertilisation by ca. 32 and 29% in Tanzania during 2015 and 2016, and by 24 and 100% in Uganda during 2016 and 2017, respectively. Applying NPK + secondary and micro-nutrients further increased grain yield in Tanzania by 7 and 11% during...

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Increasing smallholder rice production in East Africa : Fertilisers or good agronomic practices?

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Plant growth-promoting endophyte Nigrospora oryzae mitigates abiotic stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Sodhi,

Saxena

2023

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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Climate change has severely impacted crop productivity. Nascent technologies, such as employing endophytic fungi to induce crop adaptogenic changes are being explored. In this study, 62 isolates of fungi existing as endophytes were recovered from different parts of a drought-resistant rice variety and screened for salinity and drought tolerance. Nigrospora oryzae #2OSTUR9a exhibited in-vitro antioxidant potential, indole acetic acid (351.01 ± 7.11 µg/mL), phosphate solubilisation (PI 1.115 ± 0.02), siderophore (72.57 ± 0.19%), and ACC deaminase production (305.36 ± 0.80 nmol α-ketobutyrate/mg/hour). To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on salinity and drought stress mitigation in rice plants by endophytic N. oryzae. In treated plants under salinity stress the relative water, chlorophyll, phenolic and osmolyte content increased by 48.39, 30.94, 25.32 and 43.67%, respectively, as compared to their respective controls. A similar trend was observed under drought stress, where above parameters increased by 50.31, 39.47, 32.95 and 50.42%, respectively. Additionally, the antioxidant status of the treated plants was much higher because of the enhanced antioxidant enzymes and reduced lipid peroxidation. Our findings indicate the ability of N. oryzae to effectively mitigate the impact of stress, thereby enabling the rice plant to sustain stress conditions.

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Exploration of the genomic atlas of Dof transcription factor family across genus Oryza provides novel insights on rice breeding in changing climate

Tabassum

Raza²,

Riaz³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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DNA-binding with one finger (Dof) transcription factors have been demonstrated to regulate various stresses and developmental processes in plants. Their identification and comparative evolutionary analyses in cultivated and wild species of genus oryza were yet to be explored. In this context, we report a comprehensive genomics atlas of DNA-binding with one finger (Dof) family genes in 13 diverse rice genomes (five cultivated and eight rice wild-relatives) through a genome-wide scanning approach. A galore of 238 Dof genes, identified across the genus Oryza, are categorized into seven distinct subgroups by comparative phylogenetic analysis with the model plant Arabidopsis. Conserved motifs and gene structure analyses unveiled the prevalence of species- and subgroups-specific structural and functional diversity that is expediating with the evolutionary period. Our results indicate that Dof genes might have undergone strong purifying selections and segmental duplications to expand their gene family members in corresponding Oryza genomes. We speculate that miR2927 potentially targets the Dof domain to regulate gene expression under different climatic conditions, which are supported by in-silico and wet-lab experiments-based expression profiles. In a nutshell, we report several superior haplotypes significantly associated with early flowering in a treasure trove of 3,010 sequenced rice accessions and have validated these haplotypes with two years of field evaluation-based flowering data of a representative subpanel. Finally, we have provided some insights on the resolution of Oryza species phylogeny discordance and divergence highlighting the mosaic evolutionary history of the genus Oryza. Overall, this study reports a complete genomic landscape of the Dof family in cultivated and wild Oryza species that could greatly facilitate in fast-track development of early maturing and climate-resilient rice cultivars through modern haplotype-led breeding.

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Origin and Evolution of Rice as Domesticated Food Crop

Cited by 4 publications

References 62 publications

Increasing smallholder rice production in East Africa : Fertilisers or good agronomic practices?

Increasing smallholder rice production in East Africa : Fertilisers or good agronomic practices?

Plant growth-promoting endophyte Nigrospora oryzae mitigates abiotic stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Exploration of the genomic atlas of Dof transcription factor family across genus Oryza provides novel insights on rice breeding in changing climate

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