Origin and acceleration of suprathermal particles

Solar wind H+ fluxes at 1 AU for solar cycles 23 and 24

“…IPPs originate from interstellar neutral hydrogen atoms, which penetrate the heliosphere and are split of electrons by photoionization and charge exchange with SW ions. Then they are picked by the SW magnetic field and convected outwards from the Sun (Gloeckler et al, 1993;Whang et al, 1996;Intriligator et al, 2012) eventually constituting the tail (Dayeh et al, 2009;Lazar et al, 2012;Mason & Gloeckler, 2012;Desai et al, 2016). A differential proton spectrum showing magnitude of combined proton species, i.e., the SW, the IPPs, and its SPT is shown in Fig.…”