Origin, age and transformation of Chernozems in northern Central Europe – New data from Neolithic earthen barrows in SW Poland

Kabała, Cezary; Przybył, Agnieszka; Krupski, Mateusz; Łabaz, Beata; Waroszewski, Jarosław

doi:10.1016/j.catena.2019.04.014

Cited by 38 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…As very fertile soils, mainly due to high content and stability of organic matter, chernozems have been valued by farmers for millennia, and, more recently, have become of interest to scientists in various fields of study (Drewnik and ¯y³a 2019, Kaba³a 2019. Chernozemic soils present in the Silesian Lowland and the Sudeten Foreland (SW Poland) have been of interest to farmers since the beginning of human settlement in the area, confirmed by common BEATA £ABAZ*, CEZARY KABA£A, MICHA£ DUDEK, JAROS£AW WAROSZEWSKI Neolithic settlements and tombs (Kulczycka-Leciejowiczowa 1993, Kaba³a et al 2019b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The Polish equivalents for soils under study are more variable at the basic level of classification (Kaba³a et al 2019a, Kaba³a 2019b). Only profiles 1 and 2 are classified as 'czarnoziem', whereas profiles 3 and 4 have too strong expression of redoximorphic features and therefore must be classified as 'czarne ziemie' (black earths).…”

Section: Diagnostic Features and Soil Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These dates exceeding 3,000 cal BP are considered to indicate the accumulation of organic matter since at least the Neolithic period (Eckmeier et al 2007;Vyslouzilova et al, 2014b). Regardless of the interpretation of 14 C dating of the organic matter in "surface" chernozems, it should be understood that since the Neolithic period, large amounts of humified organic matter have been accumulated in these soils and created very thick humus horizons, sometimes even twice as thick as those in the fossil chernozems under kurgans (Kaba³a et al 2019b, Labaz et al 2018.…”

Section: Origin Of Soils and Reasons For Their Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although most authors support one period of chernozem formation in Poland, either the Late Pleistocene (Borowiec 1968) or Subatlantic/Neolithic (Maruszczak 1998), it cannot be ruled out that on the loess areas of southern Poland and possibly in Central Europe, there were two phases of chernozem formation: both in the Late Pleistocene and Subatlantic/Neolithic periods (Kaba³a et al 2019b). It also cannot be ruled out that the Neolithic phase happened in the same soils, which developed as chernozems at the end of the Pleistocene and persisted to the Neolithic period Morphological diversity of chernozemic soils in south-western Poland without transforming into other soil types.…”

Section: Origin Of Soils and Reasons For Their Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparison of morphological and physico-chemical properties of buried and 'modern/surface' chernozems indicates that the humus horizons created/transformed during the Neolithic chernozemic phase (and later) are deeper and more abundant in organic matter (Labaz et al 2018;Kaba³a et al 2019b). This was aided by the elimination of forests and the establishment of permanent agricultural land-use, which drastically changed the kind of biomass inflow, including the elimination of a forest litter.…”

Section: Origin Of Soils and Reasons For Their Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological diversity of chernozemic soils in south-western Poland

Łabaz

Kabała

Dudek

et al. 2019

Soil Science Annual

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Diverse chernozemic soils featured by thick mollic horizon, rich in humus, dark-coloured, structural, and saturated with base cations are relatively common in the loess-belt of SW Poland. It is postulated, that most of these soils may have similar initial (chernozemic) history of thick humus horizon, related to climate conditions and vegetation in the Late Pleistocene and the Neolithic periods. However, these soils exist on various bedrocks and under different moisture conditions that led to the development accompanying features and variable classification of soils, both in Polish and international soil classifications. The aim of the paper is to presents the most important variants of loess-derived chernozemic soils of SW Poland, in relation to local conditions, which influenced soil transformation and present spatial diversification. ‘Typical’ chernozems (WRB: Calcic Chernozems), which have a mollic horizon and secondary carbonates, but are free of strong redoximorphic features, are rather uncommon in the region. Whereas, the black earths (WRB: Gleyic/Stagnic Chernozems/Phaeozems), featured by the presence of mollic horizon and strong gleyic or stagnic properties in the middle and bottom parts of the profiles, are predominant loess-derived chernozemic soils in SW Poland. Their most specific forms, developed on the clayey bedrock, are black earths with a vertic horizon (WRB: Vertic Stagnic Phaeozems). The strongly leached chernozemic soils developed over permeable subsoils, lacking carbonates and free of (strongly developed) stagnic/gleyic properties are called grey soils, often featured by the presence of subsurface diagnostic horizons cambic or luvic (WRB: Cambic/Luvic Phaeozems).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Diagnostic Features and Soil Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Origin Of Soils and Reasons For Their Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Origin Of Soils and Reasons For Their Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Origin Of Soils and Reasons For Their Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological diversity of chernozemic soils in south-western Poland

Łabaz

Kabała

Dudek

et al. 2019

Soil Science Annual

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Interpolyelectrolyte complexes as effective structure‐forming agents for Chernozem soil

et al. 2020

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Chernozems or mollisols/black soils are 'reference soils' with a high content of organic matter, which ensures a high level of crop yield. In the article, we describe the structural characteristics of a typical medium‐thick Chernozem taken from Kursk region and their improvement via treatment by a 1 wt% aqueous solution/suspension of interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC), a product of electrostatic interaction between anionic potassium humates and cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). The native Chernozem and polymer‐treated chernozem were characterized by laser diffraction, dry and wet sieving methods, transmission electron microscopy, soil washoff in a hydraulic erosion tray, gravimetry, visual control, and vegetation miniaturization in Petri dishes with the following main conclusions: (a) Deposition of a positively charged IPEC over the Chernozem sample led to an increase in a total amount of agronomically valuable 0.25–1 mm aggregates up to 28% in comparison with a 3% content of aggregates in the native Chernozem. (b) An average diameter of the air‐dry aggregates, treated by a cationic IPEC, was of 5.5 mm (cf. with 2.5 mm for the untreated). (c) An average diameter of the IPEC‐treated water‐resistant aggregates was of 2.1 mm (cf. with 0.5 for the untreated). (d) The Chernozem pretreated by the cationic IPEC showed a minimum removal of soil during several cycles of rewatering/drying. (e) All IPEC formulations, stimulated the growth of plants. The results are of interest for preparing low‐toxic polymer formulations capable of effective stabilizing fertile Chernozem soils.

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Creation of Cultural Landscapes – Decision-Making and Perception Within Specific Ecological Settings

Dörfler,

Dreibrodt,

Eriksen

et al. 2024

Perspectives on Socio-Environmental Transformations in Ancient Europe

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This chapter starts with a theoretical introduction to the concept of the creation and perception of cultural landscapes. Niche construction theory and human agency, often treated as controverse concepts are discussed as complementary aspects of human environment relations. The DPSIR framework (the concept of Driving forces, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses) is applied as valuable approach for the explanation of the transformations in human behaviour in reaction to environmental developments. Aspects of intended and unintended reactions to human agency and action are discussed as well as the temporal and spatial scales of transformations that consequently occured. Therefore, four examples are presented from case studies within the CRC 1266. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic use of natural resources will have left visible but short-lived traces in the landscape as first steps towards a cultural landscape. The role of humans in the spread of plants and the influence of human action on the plant distribution and composition are discussed in this context. The Neolithic transformation shows a new dimension of changes in the landscape. The producing economy leads to a wide range of resource extractions that enable a much higher population being nourished by the manipulated environment with anthropogenic open land as a new landscape element or niche. Bronze Age progression and intensification of land use in many areas lead to soil degradation and the widespread expansion of heathlands. Even though the process was too slow to be perceived consciously, associated economic adaptations to this new type of cultural landscape are observable. The fourth example explains an unexpected positive aspect of deforestation. In the context of Neolithic Trypillian megasites the soil developed towards a deep and fertile Chernozem. The role of earthworms is discussed as key factor for the soil development in the transition from a forest and forest steppe towards the agrarian steppe of today. The difference between human agency and human action is discussed for the presented examples as the awareness of the consequences of human behaviour very much depends the velocity of changes and human perception.

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Origin, age and transformation of Chernozems in northern Central Europe – New data from Neolithic earthen barrows in SW Poland

Cited by 38 publications

References 59 publications

Morphological diversity of chernozemic soils in south-western Poland

Morphological diversity of chernozemic soils in south-western Poland

Interpolyelectrolyte complexes as effective structure‐forming agents for Chernozem soil

Creation of Cultural Landscapes – Decision-Making and Perception Within Specific Ecological Settings

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