Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Vegetables From Farms, Markets, and a Supermarket Around Kwan Phayao Lake of Northern Thailand

Abstract

This study investigated organophosphorus (OP) residues in vegetables from 27 farms, 106 markets, and 1 supermarket around Kwan Phayao Lake, Northern Thailand, between August and September 2013. Types of vegetables sampled were all vegetables cultivated or sold around the study site. The most common OP pesticides detected in farm samples were chlorpyrifos (50 %), malathion (31.8 %), monocrotophos (31.8 %), diazinon (13.6 %), omethoate (13.6 %), and dicrotophos (9.1 %). The most common OP pesticides detected in market samples were chlorpyrifos (33.9 %), diazinon (18.6 %), parathion-methyl (3.4 %), profenofos (3.4 %), primiphos-ethyl (3.4 %), and fenitrothion (1.7 %). The OP pesticides detected in supermarket samples were chlorpyrifos (33.3 %), and diazinon (66.7 %). Among the compounds detected, chlorpyrifos was detected in most of the vegetable samples from all sources. The highest chlorpyrifos level in farm samples were found in lemon balm (2.423 mg/kg) followed by Vietnamese coriander (0.835 mg/kg), and cowpea (0.027 mg/kg). The highest level in markets samples were found in garlic (7.785 mg/kg) followed by Chinese cabbage (2.864 mg/kg) and Vietnamese coriander (1.308 mg/kg). Residues from supermarket samples were found only in parsley (0.027 mg/kg). The findings showed that 16 samples (59.3 %) from farms and 14 samples (13.2 %) from markets contained OP residues at or above the maximum residue limits established by the European Union. It is concluded that awareness, safety education, and strict regulation of pesticide use are necessary.

Food safety in Thailand 2: Pesticide residues found in Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea), a commonly consumed vegetable in Asian countries

“…This implies that pesticides are used widely and extensively in the cultivation of Chinese kale in Thailand. This finding is consistent with those previously observed pesticide contamination in vegetables both in Thailand and other Asian countries (Chang et al, 2005;Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014;Swarnam and Velmurugan, 2013). A recent study conducted in northern part of Thailand (Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014) found that vegetables collected from markets containing organophosphorus pesticides greater than MRLs.…”

“…A survey study in India found residues of many organophosphorus pesticides (e.g., chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, monocrotophos and profenofos) in 54% of the vegetable samples (Swarnam and Velmurugan, 2013). Recent study from Thailand (Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014) reported an overall pesticide detection rate in many vegetables purchased from the markets, of 25% (N = 106). This rate is still much lower than the rate of pesticide detection in the Chinese kale that was observed in this study.…”

Concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides in fresh vegetables and related human health risk assessment in Changchun, Northeast China

“…A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 2 nutrients, fiber and vitamins (Swarnam & Velmurugan, 2013) yet are the main exposure pathway 45 of OPs to human body (Sapbamrer & Hongsibsong, 2014; Teresa Munoz-Quezada, et al, 2012). 46 (Chen, et al, 2012) reported that application of pesticides at the recommended dose on vegetables 47 is unlikely to pose any public health issues as long as it is applied according to good state 48 agricultural practices.…”

“…High moisture content in fruit vegetables increased pesticides 180 degradation (Sapbamrer & Hongsibsong, 2014 The detected eleven OPs obtained for the arithmetic mean, maximum and minimum values (µg 203 kg -1 , fresh weight) were listed in Table 4. The mean concentrations of OPs in total samples were 204 the highest for dichlorvos (84.3 µg kg -1 ), followed by methamidophos (82.2 µg kg -1 ), diazinon 205 (50.4 µg kg -1 ), parathion (15.6 µg kg -1 ), omethoate (8.8 µg kg -1 ), phorate (7.8 µg kg -1 ), 206 parathion-methyl (7.0 µg kg -1 ), dimethoate (6.7 µg kg -1 ), and fenthion (6.5 µg kg -1 ), with 207 fenitrothion (4.1 µg kg -1 ) and malathion (1.7 µg kg -1 ) being the lowest.…”

Ketinggian lokasi dan residu pestisida pada tomat

“…Tanaman yang mengandung residu pestisida melebihi batas maksimum residu (BMR) dikatakan kurang aman dikonsumsi (10). Residu pestisida pada sayuran dipengaruhi oleh dosis aplikasi, frekuensi penyemprotan, dan waktu aplikasi (12)(13). Oleh sebab itu pengawasan penggunaan pestisida harus dilakukan oleh instansi terkait untuk mencegah tingginya residu pestisida pada hasil pertanian.…”