Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides

Fikes, James

doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(90)50029-7

Cited by 63 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Muscarinic signs are often very pronounced and include bradycardia, miosis, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, hypersalivation, lachrymation, urination and diarrhoea. Nicotinic signs include muscle tremors, fasciculations, muscle stiffness, weakness and paralysis 8,16 . Prolonged muscle activity finally results in exertional rhabdomyolysis 41 .…”

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excessive urination, paresis and paralysis have only been occasionally recorded. Death is caused by respiratory failure, due to bronchospasm, paralysis of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, and depression of the respiratory centre 16,22,31 . In a study undertaken in humans the most common muscarinic effect was diarrhoea, the main nicotinic sign was muscle fasciculations and CNS depression occurred in about 50 % of patients 51 .…”

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atropine activity is, however, specific to muscarinic receptors and has no effect on the nicotinic receptors or the AChE-carbamate complex 50,55 . Atropine administration will therefore not counteract the muscle tremors, weakness and paralysis associated with aldicarb toxicity 8,16,31 . Atropine may lower the cerebral glucose threshold and thereby reduce the likelihood of brain damage during seizures 40,48 .…”

Section: Atropine Sulphatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…If uncertainty exists as to whether the poisoning is due to an organophosphate or carbamate, the veterinarian may choose to include an oxime in the treatment protocol. In such a case, the dosage of pralidoxime in dogs is 20 mg/kg, 2-3 times a day, with slow IV administration of the initial dose and subsequent doses given IM or SC 17 . The dosage of obidoxime (10 % solution) is 40 mg/kg in dogs, by slow IV administration, followed by IM or SC administration, 2-3 times a day 50 .…”

Section: Oximesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment rationale for dogs poisoned with aldicarb (carbamate pesticide) : clinical review

Arnot¹,

Veale²,

Steyl³

et al. 2011

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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The treatment rationale for dogs poisoned by aldicarb is reviewed from a pharmacological perspective. The illegal use of aldicarb to maliciously poison dogs is a major problem in some parts of the world. In South Africa, it is probably the most common canine poisoning treated by companion animal veterinarians. Aldicarb poisoning is an emergency and veterinarians need to be able to diagnose it and start with effective treatment immediately to ensure a reasonable prognosis. Successful treatment depends on the timely use of an anti-muscarinic drug (e.g. atropine). Additional supportive treatment options, including fluid therapy, diphenhydramine, benzodiazepines and the prevention of further absorption (activated charcoal) should also be considered. Possible complications after treatment are also briefly discussed.

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Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Atropine Sulphatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oximesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Treatment rationale for dogs poisoned with aldicarb (carbamate pesticide) : clinical review

Arnot¹,

Veale²,

Steyl³

et al. 2011

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Due to accumulation of very high levels of acetylcholine in the body, constriction of the pupil of the eye (miosis) is an important sign of organophosphate/ carbamate poisoning. Therefore, the eye of the animal suffering from (DeClementi, 2007;Fikes, 1990). Treatmentof organophosphate and carbamate poisoning is based on: a) Immediate removal of contaminated feed and water.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%