Organophosphate Pesticide Residues Impact on Water Quality and Changes in Macroinvertebrate Community in an Afrotropical Stream Flowing Through Farmlands

Abstract

River Chanchaga has experienced significant agricultural practices around its catchment, which involved indiscriminate use of pesticides. However, residents of the study area are not well oriented concerning the negative impact of pesticides on water quality and macroinvertebrates. In this study, the first report on the influence of organophosphate pesticide contamination on the abundance of the macroinvertebrate community was provided. Sampling for determination of organophosphate pesticide residues was carried out during the peak of the two seasons, while macroinvertebrates and physicochemical variables were observed for six months. We examined 11 organophosphate pesticide residues using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry, 12 water quality variables, and 625 macroinvertebrate individuals. The concentration of recorded organophosphate pesticides residues ranged from 0.01–0.52 µg/L. From the Canonical Correspondence Analysis plot, Malathion, chlorine, and paraffin show a positive correlation with Unima sp., Hydrocanthus sp., Chironomus sp., and Potadoma sp. At station 3, depth shows a positive correlation with Biomphalaria sp. and Zyxomma sp., indicating poor water quality as most of these macroinvertebrates are indicators of water pollution. Diuron and carbofuran show a negative correlation with Lestes sp. and Pseudocloeon sp., and these are pollution-sensitive macroinvertebrates. The total mean concentration of organophosphate pesticide residues was above international drinking water standards set by the World Health Organization except for paraffin, chlorpyrifos, and diuron. In conclusion, the observations recorded from this research are useful in managing pesticide application around the river catchment.