Organophosphate-Pesticide-Mediated Immune Response Modulation in Invertebrates and Vertebrates

Abstract

Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) have greatly facilitated food production worldwide, and their use is not limited to agriculture and the control of pests and disease vectors. However, these substances can directly affect the immune response of non-target organisms. In this sense, exposure to OPs can have negative effects on innate and adaptive immunity, promoting deregulation in humoral and cellular processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine expression, antibody production, cell proliferation, and differentiation, which are crucial mechanisms for host defense against external agents. This review focuses on the scientific evidence of exposure to OPs and their toxic effects on the immune system of non-target organisms (invertebrates and vertebrates) from a descriptive perspective of the immuno-toxic mechanisms associated with susceptibility to the development of bacterial, viral, and fungal infectious diseases. During the exhaustive review, we found that there is an important gap in the study of non-target organisms, examples of which are echinoderms and chondrichthyans. It is therefore important to increase the number of studies on other species directly or indirectly affected by Ops, to assess the degree of impact at the individual level and how this affects higher levels, such as populations and ecosystems.

Infectious Diseases Associated with Exposure to Pollutants in a Local Population from Mexico

“…These organophosphates increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause respiratory problems [35]. Likewise, they also generate damage to the bronchial epithelium that increases infection by respiratory pathogens [36,37]. In this study, the population's exposure to pesticides is associated with a lower probability of developing infectious respiratory processes, locating geographical Zones 1 and 4 of the municipality of Acatzingo, Puebla, Mexico, with a lower probability of risk (0% and 17.8%).…”

In Vitro Effects of Cypermethrin and Glyphosate on LPS-Induced Immune Cell Activation

“…Exposure to pesticides has been associated with negative effects on both innate and adaptive immunity, promoting deregulation in innate, humoral, and cellular processes, including cytokine expression, antibody production, and cell proliferation and differentiation, which are crucial mechanisms for host defense against pathogens and transformed cells [7,9,28,[34][35][36]. Based on our previous data, showing immunomodulatory effects of both Cypm and Glyp, the purpose of this study was to further characterize their immunotoxic potential.…”

Identification of a Novel Inhibitor of Cimex lectularius Acetylcholinesterase

“…A major issue with these two types of insecticides is their high toxicity to non-target species. Because catalytic serine of AChE is ubiquitously present in most species and the structures of the AChE active site are also similar between insects and mammals, OPs and CBs indiscriminately react with the catalytic serine, leading to severe toxicity to non-target species. ,− In addition to acute AChE inhibition, OPs may also chronically impact other protein targets, leading to oxidative stress, axonal transport defects, neuroinflammation, and autoimmunity. − …”