Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the air and dust in German daycare centers and human biomonitoring in visiting children (LUPE 3)

Fromme, Hermann; Lahrz, T.; Kraft, Martin; Fembacher, Ludwig; Mach, Chantal; Dietrich, S.; Burkardt, R.; Völkel, Wolfgang; Göen, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.016

Cited by 192 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In comparison to these studies in worldwide locations, the present study provided the lowest ∑OPFRs in day care centers (median = 31.80 ng/m 3 ). Similarly, Fromme et al (2014) also reported low ∑OPFRs in 63 day care centers in Germany (median = 54.9 ng/m 3 ).…”

Section: Concentrations Of Opfrs In Indoor Air Of Different Microenvimentioning

confidence: 77%

“…OPFR levels have been reported in indoor environments in several European countries such as in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Romania, UK, and in New Zealand (Ali et al 2013;Brommer and Harrad 2015;Cequier et al 2015;Dirtu et al 2012;Mäkinen et al 2009;Sjödin et al 2001). However, to date, studies on levels of OPFRs in indoor environments in Germany are scarce (Brommer et al 2012;Fromme et al 2014), and no study on levels of OPFRs in outdoor air in Germany has been reported so far. Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to investigate the occurrence of OPFRs in indoor and outdoor environments in the Rhine/Main area in Germany; (2) to compare the concentrations and the distribution profiles of OPFRs in different indoor microenvironments; (3) to compare the concentrations of OPFRs obtained from this study with those reported previously from other countries and to evaluate regional variations in contamination; (4) and to identify the possible sources of OPFRs in different indoor microenvironments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Zhou

Hiltscher

Gruber

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

118

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The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m with a median of 40.23 ng/m, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m), schools (36.23 ng/m), day care centers (31.80 ng/m), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m) (p < 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.

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Section: Concentrations Of Opfrs In Indoor Air Of Different Microenvimentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Zhou

Hiltscher

Gruber

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

118

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“…As PFRs are used as additive flame retardants (FRs), their transfer from products in which they are used into the environment is relatively facile, and their presence in indoor dust has been reported in a number of studies [1e6, 14,15,17,19,20,24,26,27,29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in dust from cars, homes, and offices: An international comparison

Harrad

Brommer

Mueller

2016

Emerging Contaminants

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a b s t r a c tConcentrations of a number of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) were measured in floor dust collected from living rooms in Australia (n ¼ 42), Canada (n ¼ 14), Germany (n ¼ 22), and Kazakhstan (n ¼ 9); cars from Australia (n ¼ 39) and Germany (n ¼ 19); and offices from Germany (n ¼ 25) and Kazahkstan (n ¼ 8). PFR concentrations in these samples were compared with each other and with previously reported data for PFRs in dust from similar microenvironments in the UK. Our data reveal significant between-country differences in both absolute concentrations and the relative abundance of specific PFRs in each of the microenvironments studied. Most notably, concentrations of TCIPP in UK living room dust (median ¼ 21 mg g À1 ) exceeded significantly (p < 0.05) those in all other countries studied here; a substantial number of car dust samples contained elevated concentrations of TDCIPP, and German samples generally contained lower levels of PFRs in all microenvironments studied. In addition, PFRs were determined in dust samples collected from living room couches in both Australia (n ¼ 41) and the UK (n ¼ 10). The elevated concentrations of TCIPP in UK living room dust are likely attributable to the favoured use of this PFR in UK couch foam. This is indicated by concentrations of TCIPP in UK couch dust (median ¼ 610 mg g À1 ) exceeding significantly those in Australian couch dust (median ¼ 2.9 mg g À1 ).Moreover, concentrations of TCIPP in UK couch dust originating from couches 15 years old or less, display a marked relationship with the age of the couch, with concentrations in such samples increasing significantly (p < 0.01) with couch age.

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“…Recently, quantified DAPs and MAPs in urine have been identified as biomarkers to assess human exposure. In total, DAPs of BDCIPP, BCIPP, BCEP, BBOEP, DBP, DPHP, DEHP and some MAPs of MEHP, MBP, MCIPP, MBOEP and MPHP have been quantified in human urine, with median concentrations in the ng ml À1 range (Butt et al, 2014;Cequier et al, 2014bCequier et al, , 2015Chu et al, 2011;Cooper et al, 2011;Dodson et al, 2014;Fromme et al, 2014;Hoffman et al, 2015;Meeker et al, 2013a,b;Moller et al, 2004;Petropoulou et al, 2016;Reemtsma et al, 2011;Schindler et al, 2009a,b;Van den Eede et al, 2015b;Van den Eede et al, 2013b) (SI Table S2). However, no information is available for DAPs and MAPs or other OPFR metabolites from internal exposure studies of wild animals.…”

Section: Internal Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of OPFRs in animals and humans: Absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and internal exposure research

2016

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h i g h l i g h t sThe absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism and internal exposure of OPFRs are reviewed. Inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact are the main OPFRs absorptionpathways for humans. General in vivo and in vitro metabolic pathways of three different types of OPFRs are proposed. DAPs and MAPs are considered as putative biomarkers for the assessment of internal exposure of OPFRs in humans. a r t i c l e i n f o t r a c tDue to their widespread use, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are commonly detected in various environmental matrices and have been identified as emerging contaminants. Considering the adverse effects of OPFRs, many researchers have paid their attention on the absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism and internal exposure processes of OPFRs in animals and humans. In this article, we first review the diverse absorption routes of OPFRs by animals and humans (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption and gill absorption). Bioaccumulation and biomagnification potentials of OPFRs in different types of organisms and food webs are also summarized, based on quite limited available data and results. For metabolism, we review the Phase-I and Phase-II metabolic processes for each type of OPFRs (chlorinated OPFRs, alkyl-OPFRs and aryl-OPFRs) in the animals and humans, as well as toxicokinetic information and putative exposure biomarkers on OPFRs. Finally, we highlight gaps in our knowledge and critical directions for future internal exposure studies of OPFRs in animals and humans.

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Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the air and dust in German daycare centers and human biomonitoring in visiting children (LUPE 3)

Cited by 192 publications

References 31 publications

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in dust from cars, homes, and offices: An international comparison

Review of OPFRs in animals and humans: Absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and internal exposure research

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