Organogenesis From Dissociated Cells: Generation of Mature Cycling Hair Follicles From Skin-Derived Cells

Zheng, Ying; Du, Xiabing; Wang, Wei; Boucher, Marylene; Parimoo, Satish; Stenn, Kurt S.

doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23716.x

Cited by 216 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Finally, mouse skin has been used extensively as a model in studies of carcinogenesis, intra-cutaneous drug delivery and stem cell biology 29,30 . Such studies are usually designed on the assumption that the skin is a stable and largely uniform medium.…”

Section: Periodic Expression Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic dermal BMP signalling regulates stem cell activation during hair regeneration

Plikus

Mayer

Cruz

et al. 2008

Nature

644

808

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In the age of stem cell engineering it is critical to understand how stem cell activity is regulated during regeneration. Hairs are miniorgans that undergo cyclic regeneration throughout adult life 1 , and are an important model for organ regeneration. Hair stem cells located in the follicle bulge 2 are regulated by the surrounding microenvironment, or niche 3 . The activation of such stem cells is cyclic, involving periodic b-catenin activity [4][5][6][7] . In the adult mouse, regeneration occurs in waves in a follicle population, implying coordination among adjacent follicles and the extrafollicular environment. Here we show that unexpected periodic expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) and Bmp4 in the dermis regulates this process. This BMP cycle is out of phase with the WNT/b-catenin cycle, thus dividing the conventional telogen into new functional phases: one refractory and the other competent for hair regeneration, characterized by high and low BMP signalling, respectively. Overexpression of noggin, a BMP antagonist, in mouse skin resulted in a markedly shortened refractory phase and faster propagation of the regenerative wave. Transplantation of skin from this mutant onto a wild-type host showed that follicles in donor and host can affect their cycling behaviours mutually, with the outcome depending on the equilibrium of BMP activity in the dermis. Administration of BMP4 protein caused the competent region to become refractory. These results show that BMPs may be the long-sought 'chalone' inhibitors of hair growth postulated by classical experiments. Taken together, results presented in this study provide an example of hierarchical regulation of local organ stem cell homeostasis by the inter-organ macroenvironment. The expression of Bmp2 in subcutaneous adipocytes indicates physiological integration between these two thermoregulatory organs. Our findings have practical importance for studies using mouse skin as a model for carcinogenesis, intracutaneous drug delivery and stem cell engineering studies, because they highlight the acute need to differentiate supportive versus inhibitory regions in the host skin.Mammalian skin contains thousands of hair follicles, each undergoing continuous regenerative cycling. A hair follicle cycles through anagen (growth), catagen (involution) and telogen (resting) phases, and then re-enters the anagen phase. At the base of this cycle is the ability of hair follicle stem cells to briefly exit their quiescent status to generate transient amplifying progeny, but maintain a cluster of stem cells. It is generally believed that a niche microenvironment is important in the control of stem cell homeostasis in various systems 8 . Within a single hair follicle, periodic activation of b-catenin in bulge stem cells is responsible for their cyclic activity 3 . However, how these stem cell activation events are coordinated among neighbouring hairs remains unclear. It is possible that a population of hair follicles could cycle simultaneously, randomly or in coordinated waves...

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Section: Periodic Expression Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic dermal BMP signalling regulates stem cell activation during hair regeneration

Plikus

Mayer

Cruz

et al. 2008

Nature

644

808

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“…mixture of dissociated newborn mouse epidermal and dermal cells can reconstitute and form de novo hair follicles in vivo (16)(17)(18)(19). These grafts formed a reconstituted organized skin with orientated hair follicles that undergo cyclic renewal and can respond to injury and regenerate (19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-organization process in newborn skin organoid formation inspires strategy to restore hair regeneration of adult cells

Lei

Schumacher

Lai

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

108

134

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Organoids made from dissociated progenitor cells undergo tissue-like organization. This in vitro self-organization process is not identical to embryonic organ formation, but it achieves a similar phenotype in vivo. This implies genetic codes do not specify morphology directly; instead, complex tissue architectures may be achieved through several intermediate layers of cross talk between genetic information and biophysical processes. Here we use newborn and adult skin organoids for analyses. Dissociated cells from newborn mouse skin form hair primordia-bearing organoids that grow hairs robustly in vivo after transplantation to nude mice. Detailed time-lapse imaging of 3D cultures revealed unexpected morphological transitions between six distinct phases: dissociated cells, cell aggregates, polarized cysts, cyst coalescence, planar skin, and hair-bearing skin. Transcriptome profiling reveals the sequential expression of adhesion molecules, growth factors, Wnts, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Functional perturbations at different times discern their roles in regulating the switch from one phase to another. In contrast, adult cells form small aggregates, but then development stalls in vitro. Comparative transcriptome analyses suggest suppressing epidermal differentiation in adult cells is critical. These results inspire a strategy that can restore morphological transitions and rescue the hair-forming ability of adult organoids: (i) continuous PKC inhibition and (ii) timely supply of growth factors (IGF, VEGF), Wnts, and MMPs. This comprehensive study demonstrates that alternating molecular events and physical processes are in action during organoid morphogenesis and that the self-organizing processes can be restored via environmental reprogramming. This tissue-level phase transition could drive self-organization behavior in organoid morphogenies beyond the skin.

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“…A few limitations of the hair regeneration genetic assay include the requirement of large amount of lentivirus and cell numbers, and it is very labor intensive in terms of surgical methods when compared to other forms of hair reconstitution assays such as the patch and flap assays 3,4,14 . However, the quality of hair follicles and timeline to detect hair growth is superior to other assays 4 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

Woo

Atwood

Zhen

et al. 2013

JoVE

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Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an attractive model system to study organ development and tissue-specific signaling. Although hair follicle development is genetically tractable, fast and reproducible analysis of factors essential for this process remains a challenge. Here we describe a procedure to generate targeted overexpression or shRNA-mediated knockdown of factors using lentivirus in a tissue-specific manner. Using a modified version of a hair regeneration model 5, 6,11 , we can achieve robust gain-or loss-of-function analysis in primary mouse keratinocytes or dermal cells to facilitate study of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling pathways that lead to hair follicle morphogenesis. We describe how to isolate fresh primary mouse keratinocytes and dermal cells, which contain dermal papilla cells and their precursors, deliver lentivirus containing either shRNA or cDNA to one of the cell populations, and combine the cells to generate fully formed hair follicles on the backs of nude mice. This approach allows analysis of tissue-specific factors required to generate hair follicles within three weeks and provides a fast and convenient companion to existing genetic models. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at https://www.jove.com/video/4344/ Protocol 1. Prepare 0 to 2 days Old Newborn Mice for Skin Dissection 1. Euthanize mouse pups using a CO 2 chamber for at least 20 min. Leave pups on ice up to an hour until dissection. P0-P2 mice are highly recommended as cells prepared from older mice have reduced progenitor capacity that results in lower graft yields. Prepare one dish of 70% ethanol (for step 1.3) and three dishes of wash solution (for step 3) when ready to perform skin dissection. Thaw Dispase Solution and leave it at 4 °C. Cervical dislocate pups after CO 2 overexposure to ensure euthanasia. 2. Place euthanized pups in a culture dish on ice and transfer to a sterile flow hood. 3. Wash pups by briefly immersing in 70% ethanol and place onto sterile culture dish. Dissect Mouse Skin1. Cut off each limb and tail at the base of the torso with sterile scissors. 2. Grasp the body firmly between a pair of curved forceps and make an incision along the dorsal skin from head to tail using a scalpel without penetrating the underlying fascia. 3. Carefully peel the skin away from the midline of the mouse. 4. Grasp the exposed mouse firmly with the long side of the curved forceps and insert another pair of curved forceps underneath the skin at the posterior end of the mouse and gently pull skin over hips toward the ventral half of the mouse. 5. Carefully peel skin completely off the mouse in one smooth motion and discard the carcass. Wash Skin and Incubate with Dispase Solution1. Place the skin in the first dish of wash solution with dermis-side down. Spread skin out and agitate with forceps. Leave skin in the first dish of wash solution while dissecting the next skin.

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Organogenesis From Dissociated Cells: Generation of Mature Cycling Hair Follicles From Skin-Derived Cells

Cited by 216 publications

References 43 publications

Cyclic dermal BMP signalling regulates stem cell activation during hair regeneration

Cyclic dermal BMP signalling regulates stem cell activation during hair regeneration

Self-organization process in newborn skin organoid formation inspires strategy to restore hair regeneration of adult cells

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

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