Organogels as novel carriers for dermal and topical drug delivery vehicles

Uzan, Serhat; Barış, Deniz; Çolak, Mehmet; Aydın, Haluk; Hoşgören, Halil

doi:10.1016/j.tet.2016.10.009

Cited by 32 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…15 Ready gel formation by a simple trigger can also be used to allow easy and efficient gel loading. [16][17][18] Unsurprisingly, therefore, there is significant interest in these materials ( Figure 1). This is a fascinating area and in many ways holds attention because of the difficulties in probing and understanding the gels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Molecular-Weight Gels: The State of the Art

Draper

Adams

2017

Chem

500

469

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Low-molecular-weight gels are currently a hugely important class of materials that are attracting significant interest. These gels are formed when small molecules self-assemble into one-dimensional structures that entangle and cross-link to form a network that is capable of immobilizing the solvent. Here, we critically discuss the current state of the art and highlight two key areas where we believe there is significant untapped potential. The first is the observation that the properties of the gels are highly process dependent, which means that it is possible to access materials with very different properties from a single gelator. Second, using multiple gelators offers the opportunity to prepare materials with a high degree of information content and with a wider range of properties. We aim to spark thought and discussion on these aspects. INTRODUCTIONLow-molecular-weight gels (LMWGs), or supramolecular gels, are a fascinating and useful class of material. The gels arise from the self-assembly of small molecules into long, anisotropic structures, most commonly fibers. [1][2][3][4][5] At a sufficiently high concentration, these fibers entangle or otherwise form cross-links, leading to the network that is able to immobilize the solvent through surface tension and capillary forces. 1,2 These gels differ from permanently covalently cross-linked polymer gels because the cross-linking can be reversed by the input of energy, for example, by heating. 6 LMWGs have been around for many years but are receiving considerable current interest. 4 They are also used in industrial products, 7 although this seems rarely discussed in the academic literature.In addition to the industrial applications, many recent advances and uses are being described. [8][9][10][11][12] The specific self-assembly leading to gel formation can be exploited. For example, the fiber formation is a result of molecular stacking, meaning that the self-assembly leads to aggregates that can be suitable for optoelectronic applications. 13,14 The ready reversibility of gelation can be exploited, for example, to release cells from gels on demand in a manner that does not lead to cell death. 15 Ready gel formation by a simple trigger can also be used to allow easy and efficient gel loading. [16][17][18] Unsurprisingly, therefore, there is significant interest in these materials ( Figure 1). This is a fascinating area and in many ways holds attention because of the difficulties in probing and understanding the gels. The gels arise from assembly across many length scales, and understanding all of these is difficult. At the molecular level, the molecules must interact in a manner that leads to the formation of suitable aggregates that can eventually entangle. Thus, one-dimensional growth must be favored. From this perspective, it is very frustrating that it is often extremely difficult to predict whether a molecule will form a gel or not; indeed, gelation has been described as an empirical science. 4 Structurally similar small molecules can exhibitThe Bigger Pict...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Molecular-Weight Gels: The State of the Art

Draper

Adams

2017

Chem

500

469

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“…Organogels are formed by structurants of low molecular weight and some organic solvents that are supported, through a three-dimensional network, forming the gel. Since organogels are biodegradable, they can be used in drugs as protein carriers and vaccines for example [33][34][35].…”

Section: Definitions and Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conventional and Unconventional Crystallization Mechanisms

Chaves¹,

Silva²,

Domingues³

et al. 2019

Crystal Growth

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Understanding the crystallization behavior of fats and oils is essential to ensure certain desirable characteristics in a given industrial application. In recent years, some advances in the structuring of lipid phases have enabled a direct influence on the food properties. The structuring mechanisms of lipid bases can be classified as either conventional or unconventional. Conventional crystallization mechanisms consist of nucleation, growth, and maturation of the crystals, thus resulting in a crystalline lattice. Co-crystallization or seeding agents and emerging technologies such as ultrasound can be used to aid in crystallization and improve the physical properties of fats and oils. Unconventional mechanisms bring organogel technology as a trend, which consists in the use of self-assembly agents to entrap the liquid oil, resulting in a structured gel network. In this chapter, the formation process of crystalline networks and gel networks will be presented in stages, highlighting the main differences related to the mechanisms of formation and stabilization of both types of networks.

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“…Supramolecular organogels have attracted much interest in recent years as soft materials, because their properties can be easily tuned by structural modification of their low‐molecular‐mass organic gelator (LMOG) units . These organogels, which are dynamic and stimuli‐responsive soft materials, have been used in various fields including sensing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, food, cosmetics, and more ,. From the mechanistic view, they represent a macroscopic expression of the self‐assembly of LMOGs through non‐covalent interactions, into one dimensional (1D) structures that eventually entangle into a three dimensional (3D) network immobilizing the solvent.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Pillararene‐Based Two‐Component Thixotropic Supramolecular Organogels: Complementarity and Multivalency as Prominent Motifs

Zafrani

Kaizerman

Hadar

et al. 2018

Chemistry A European J

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Rationally designed two-component supramolecular organogels based on multiple chemical interactions between percarboxylato- and peramino-pillararenes are described. Mixing low concentration solutions (<1 % w/v) of decacarboxylato-pillar[5]arene (1) with decaamino-pillar[5]arenes (2 b-d) affords, rapidly and without heating, organogels displaying an exceptional combination of properties. These supramolecular organogels, the characteristics of which are tunable, were found to be thixotropic and thermally stable, with T values in some cases exceeding the boiling point of the embedded solvent. It is demonstrated that both structural complementarity and multivalency are important determinants in the gelation process of these attractive soft materials.

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Organogels as novel carriers for dermal and topical drug delivery vehicles

Cited by 32 publications

References 32 publications

Low-Molecular-Weight Gels: The State of the Art

Low-Molecular-Weight Gels: The State of the Art

Conventional and Unconventional Crystallization Mechanisms

Pillararene‐Based Two‐Component Thixotropic Supramolecular Organogels: Complementarity and Multivalency as Prominent Motifs

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