Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Cow's Milk in Uganda

Ejobi, Francis; Kanja, Laetitia Wakonyu; Kyule, M.N.; Müller, P.; Krüger, Joachim; Nyeko, J. H. P.; Latigo, A. A. R.

doi:10.1007/s001289900079

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Levels of POPs are influenced by global and local use patterns of the chemical and by diet, maternal age, parity, and duration of lactation (15). Heavier local or regional use of POPs is consistently associated with elevated local or regional levels of residues in breast milk samples (16,17). However, the absence of local use does not mean that no contamination is detectable.…”

Section: Review Of Available Data By Chemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some countries with ongoing dieldrin use, breast-milk levels relate closely to local use patterns (16,37). In areas where dieldrin is used more heavily, levels in breast milk are often significantly higher.…”

Section: Mini-monograph • Solomon and Weissmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kenya still uses dieldrin in agriculture, and breast milk of women living in areas with intensive agricultural production has much higher levels of dieldrin than breast milk from women in nonagricultural areas. Figure 2 shows the differences in average dieldrin levels in breast milk during the 1980s around Kenya; the agricultural areas of Loitokitok had the highest levels (16,17). The dieldrin concentrations in Loitokitok are extremely high compared to benchmarks.…”

Section: Mini-monograph • Solomon and Weissmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical contaminants in breast milk: time trends and regional variability.

Solomon

Weiss

2002

Environ Health Perspect

274

140

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Research on environmentally related chemical contaminants in breast milk spans several decades and dozens of countries. The ability to use this research as an environmental indicator is limited because of a lack of consistent protocols. Data on xenobiotics in breast milk are influenced by choices in sample selection, sample pooling, analysis, and reporting. In addition, most studies have focused only on a small panel of persistent organic pollutants, despite indications that a wide range of additional chemical contaminants may also enter breast milk. Despite these limitations, however, it is possible to draw some generalizations. In this paper we review available data on levels of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), metals, and solvents in breast milk. Examples drawn from around the world illustrate the available data and the patterns that have appeared in various areas over time. Over the past few decades, levels of the organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and dioxins have declined in breast milk in countries where these chemicals have been banned or otherwise regulated. In contrast, the levels of PBDEs are rising. Regional differences in levels of xenobiotics in breast milk are related to historical and current local use patterns. Diet is a major factor that influences breast milk levels of persistent organic pollutants, with patterns in fish consumption playing a particularly significant role. Improved global breast milk monitoring programs would allow for more consistent data on trends over time, detection of new xenobiotics in breast milk, and identification of disproportionately exposed populations.

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Section: Review Of Available Data By Chemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mini-monograph • Solomon and Weissmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mini-monograph • Solomon and Weissmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Chemical contaminants in breast milk: time trends and regional variability.

Solomon

Weiss

2002

Environ Health Perspect

274

140

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Dieldrin is highly persistent in the environment (Blus et al, 1996), has a history of use in the Kampala region (Ejobi et al, 1996a, b), has been found in air samples collected from the shores of Lake Victoria near Kampala (Wejuli and Magunda, 2002), and is registered for restricted use in Uganda (United Nations Environment Programme, 2001a, b;Orme and Kegley, 2003). It is possible that actual usage has declined in the regions sampled or that the specific uses of dieldrin (control of banana weevils and termites and selective treatment of tree trunks for tsetse control in the country [Ejobi et al, 1996a]) or atmospheric deposition have not led to high levels of exposure in the species studied.…”

Section: Persistent Organic Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury and Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentrations in African Fish Eagles, Marabou Storks, and Nile Tilapia in Uganda

Hollamby

Afema-Azikuru²,

Sikarskie

et al. 2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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The purpose of this research was to evaluate persistent organic pollutant (POP) and mercury concentrations in tissues of African fish eagles (Haliaeetus vocifer) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Lake Victoria near Entebbe and Lake Mburo, Uganda. Marabou stork (Leptoptilos crumeniferus) nestlings from urban Kampala (40 km from Entebbe) also were sampled for POPs and mercury. Total mercury was measured in the breast feathers of eight nestling and 10 adult African fish eagles from Lake Mburo, 10 nestling and five adult African fish eagles from Lake Victoria near Entebbe, and 20 nestling marabou storks from Kampala from June 2002 through January 2003. Mercury concentrations in all samples were below levels associated with adverse effects in similar species. Mercury concentrations were significantly higher in eagle adults and nestlings from Entebbe than in adults and nestlings from Lake Mburo (PՅ0.05). No significant differences (PՆ0.05) were found in mercury concentrations between sexes or between the entire fish eagle population sampled at Entebbe and marabou stork nestlings sampled at nearby Kampala. Plasma samples from the same birds were analyzed for 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, aldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane (␣-HCH), dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and their metabolites, as well as total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Nile tilapia whole-body cross sections collected from Lake Mburo (nϭ3) and Lake Victoria near Entebbe (nϭ8) also were analyzed for these POPs and mercury. No samples contained POPs or PCBs at the limits of detection except for 4,4Ј-1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene in five adult eagle plasma samples (0.0026Ϯ0.0015 ppm wet weight) and five Nile tilapia samples (0.002Ϯ0.001 ppm wet weight) from Entebbe.

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“…In spite of the reported use of the pesticide, residual levels of dieldrin are still reported as being below LOD in fish, African fish eagle and marabou stork from Lake Victoria basin [15,16]. Low levels of dieldrin residue in the Lake Victoria environment are explained by the current reduced usage in contrast with former application against banana weevils [17]. Dieldrin can volatilize and be redistributed by air currents, thus contaminating areas far from its sources.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%