Organochlorine Chemical Residues in Fish from the Mississippi River Basin, 1995

Schmitt, Christopher J.

doi:10.1007/s00244-002-1127-1

Cited by 30 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(106 reference statements)

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“…Although its uses have been banned for over 25 years, there are still significant residues of heptachlor and its active metabolite, heptachlor-epoxide, present in the environment (Schmitt, 2002). Perhaps more importantly, there has been documented developmental exposure through heptachlor-contaminated milk in Hawaii in the early 1980s (Baker et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental heptachlor exposure increases susceptibility of dopamine neurons to N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)in a gender-specific manner

et al. 2008

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily thought of as a disease of aging. However recent evidence points to the potential for exposure to xenobiotics during development to increase risk of PD. Here, we report that developmental exposure to the organochlorine pesticide heptachlor alters the dopamine system and increases neurotoxicity in an animal model of PD. Exposure of pregnant mice to heptachlor led to increased levels of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) levels at both the protein and mRNA level in their offspring. Increased DAT and VMAT2 levels were accompanied by alterations of mRNA levels of nuclear transcription factors that control dopamine neuron development and regulate DAT and VMAT2 levels in adulthood. At 12 weeks of age, control and heptachlor-exposed offspring were administered a moderate dose (2×10 mg/kg) of the parkinsonism-inducing agent MPTP. Greater neurotoxicity as evidenced by a greater loss of striatal dopamine and potentiation of increased levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and α-synuclein was observed in heptachlor-exposed offspring. The neurotoxicity observed was greater in the male offspring than the female offspring, suggesting that males are more susceptible to the longterm effects of developmental heptachlor exposure. These data suggest that developmental heptachlor exposure causes long-term alterations of the dopamine system thereby rendering it more susceptible to dopaminergic damage in adulthood. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Although most cases of PD are observed later in life, there is evidence that the disease process begins long before the disease has progressed to the point at which it is diagnosed (Calne and Langston, 1983;Fearnley and Lees, 1991;Di Paola and Uitti, 1996). The presence of a lengthy preclinical phase and the linkage of environmental exposures to increased risk of PD has led to speculation that early life exposures to environmental toxicants may enhance dopaminergic neurodegeneration or increase vulnerability of the dopamine system in adulthood leading to an increased risk of PD (Carvey et al., 2003;Cory-Slechta et al., 2005;Richardson et al., 2006;Barlow et al., 2007). NIH Public AccessPesticide exposure has been on of the most studied environmental risk factors for PD (Semchuk et al., 1992;Tanner and Goldman, 1996;Le Couteur et al., 1999;Priyadarshi et al., 2000; Asherio et al., 2006). However, the possibility that developmental pesticide exposure contributes to PD has only recently begun to be explored. Early postnatal exposure of mice to the ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental heptachlor exposure increases susceptibility of dopamine neurons to N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)in a gender-specific manner

et al. 2008

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“…Detailed sampling, field, and laboratory procedures have been previously described (Schmitt 2002;Schmitt et al 2005;Hinck et al 2006a, b;2008). A summary is presented here.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From 1995 through 2004, the BEST-LRMN Project measured concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and elemental contaminants in whole-body composite samples of piscivorous and benthivorous fish from nine U.S. river basins (Schmitt 2002;Schmitt et al 2005;Hinck et al 2006a, b;, 2008. Hinck et al (2006b) determined that avian and mammalian piscivorous wildlife were at risk to mercury, but not organochlorine pesticides or PCBs, in northern pike (Esox lucius), longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), and burbot (Lota lota) from the Yukon River Basin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geometric means and 85th percentile concentrations from the NCBP have been previously used as benchmarks for national trends of contaminant concentrations in whole-body fish (Schmitt et al 1999). Some of the BEST-LRMN sites were co-located at historical NCBP sites, and trend analysis for contaminant concentrations were included in individual basin reports (Schmitt 2002;Schmitt et al 2005;Hinck et al 2006a;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental contaminants in freshwater fish and their risk to piscivorous wildlife based on a national monitoring program

Hinck

Schmitt

Chojnacki

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

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Organochlorine chemical residues and elemental concentrations were measured in piscivorous and benthivorous fish at 111 sites from large U.S. river basins. Potential contaminant sources such as urban and agricultural runoff, industrial discharges, mine drainage, and irrigation varied among the sampling sites. Our objectives were to provide summary statistics for chemical contaminants and to determine if contaminant concentrations in the fish were a risk to wildlife that forage at these sites. Concentrations of dieldrin, total DDT, total PCBs, toxaphene, TCDD-EQ, cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, selenium, and zinc exceeded toxicity thresholds to protect fish and piscivorous wildlife in samples from at least one site; most exceedences were for total PCBs, mercury, and zinc. Chemical concentrations in fish from the Mississippi River Basin exceeded the greatest number of toxicity thresholds. Screening level wildlife risk analysis models were developed for bald eagle and mink using no adverse effect levels (NOAELs), which were derived from adult dietary exposure or tissue concentration studies and based primarily on reproductive endpoints. No effect hazard concentrations (NEHC) were calculated by comparing the NOAEL to the food ingestion rate (dietary-based NOAEL) or biomagnification factor (tissue-based NOAEL) of each receptor. Piscivorous wildlife may be at risk from a contaminant if the measured concentration in fish exceeds the NEHC. Concentrations of most organochlorine residues and elemental contaminants represented no to low risk to bald eagle and mink at most sites. The risk associated with pentachloroanisole, aldrin, Dacthal, methoxychlor, mirex, and toxaphene was unknown because NOAELs for these contaminants were not available for bald eagle or mink. Risk differed among modeled species and sites. Our screening level analysis indicates that the greatest risk to piscivorous wildlife was from total DDT, total PCBs, TCDD-EQ, mercury, and selenium. Bald eagles were at greater risk to total DDT and total PCBs than mink, whereas risks of TCDD-EQ, mercury, and selenium were greater to mink than bald eagle.

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“…The size range of the bass comprised by the composite samples was smaller than those in the composite samples analyzed by Brumbaugh et al, (2002), and all bass in the composites were larger than the 180 mm total length mininum specified by Yeardley et al (1998). A detailed analysis of the fish size and age information is presented elsewhere (Schmitt, 2002b).…”

Section: Fish Size and Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Selenium, and Zinc in Fish from the Mississippi River Basin, 1995

Schmitt

2004

Environ Monit Assess

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Abstract. Fish were collected in late 1995 from 34 National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) stations and 12 National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) stations in the Mississippi River basin (MRB), and in late 1996 from a reference site in West Virginia. The NCBP sites represented key points (dams, tributaries, etc.) in the largest rivers of the MRB. The NAWQA sites were typically on smaller rivers and were selected to represent dominant land uses in their watersheds. The West Virginia site, which is in an Eastern U.S. watershed adjacent to the MRB, was selected to document elemental concentrations in fish used for other aspects of a larger study and to provide additional contemporaneous data on background elemental concentrations. At each site four samples, each comprising (nominally) 10 adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio, 'carp') or black bass (Micropterus spp., 'bass') of the same sex, were collected. The whole fish were composited by station, species, and gender for analysis of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and selenium (Se) by atomic absorption spectroscopy and for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Concentrations of most of the elements examined were lower in both carp and bass from the reference site, a small impoundment located in a rural area, than from the NCBP and NAWQA sites on rivers and larger impoundments. In contrast, there were few overall differences between NCBP sites NAWQA sites. The 1995 results generally confirmed the continued weathering and re-distribution of these elemental contaminants in the MRB; concentrations declined or were unchanged from 1984-1986 to 1995 at most NCBP sites, thus continuing two-decade trends. Exceptions were Se at Station 77 (Arkansas R. at John Martin Reservoir, CO), where concentrations have been elevated historically and increased slightly (to 3.8-4.7 µg g −1 in bass and carp); and Pb, Cd, and Zn at Station 67 (Allegheny R. at Natrona, PA), where levels of these metals were high in the past and increased from 1986 to 1995.

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Organochlorine Chemical Residues in Fish from the Mississippi River Basin, 1995

Cited by 30 publications

References 60 publications

Developmental heptachlor exposure increases susceptibility of dopamine neurons to N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)in a gender-specific manner

Developmental heptachlor exposure increases susceptibility of dopamine neurons to N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)in a gender-specific manner

Environmental contaminants in freshwater fish and their risk to piscivorous wildlife based on a national monitoring program

Concentrations of Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Selenium, and Zinc in Fish from the Mississippi River Basin, 1995

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