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This review critically examines the latest advancements in clay mineral-based photocatalysts for water purification. Clay minerals, owing to their natural abundance, low cost, and unique physicochemical properties, have emerged as promising candidates for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. This article delves into various activation methods for clay minerals, including acid, alkali, calcination, and mechanochemical activation, highlighting their roles in enhancing surface area, creating active sites, and improving photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the review explores various modification strategies for photocatalysts, such as doping with metal and non-metal ions, deposition of metals, and the design of heterojunctions, to further boost photocatalytic activity. In particular, the utilization of kaolinite, montmorillonite, attapulgite, and sepiolite as clay mineral supports for photocatalysts is discussed in detail, showcasing their potential in wastewater treatment. The review underscores the significant strides made in the development of clay mineral-based photocatalysts, highlighting their effectiveness in degrading organic contaminants under light exposure. Nevertheless, there are persisting challenges such as the optimization of loading quantities, improvement in compatibility between clay minerals and photocatalysts, and reduction in preparation costs for large-scale applications. In summary, this review offers valuable insights into the current status of clay mineral-based photocatalysts for water purification, thereby stimulating future research in this promising field.
This review critically examines the latest advancements in clay mineral-based photocatalysts for water purification. Clay minerals, owing to their natural abundance, low cost, and unique physicochemical properties, have emerged as promising candidates for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. This article delves into various activation methods for clay minerals, including acid, alkali, calcination, and mechanochemical activation, highlighting their roles in enhancing surface area, creating active sites, and improving photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the review explores various modification strategies for photocatalysts, such as doping with metal and non-metal ions, deposition of metals, and the design of heterojunctions, to further boost photocatalytic activity. In particular, the utilization of kaolinite, montmorillonite, attapulgite, and sepiolite as clay mineral supports for photocatalysts is discussed in detail, showcasing their potential in wastewater treatment. The review underscores the significant strides made in the development of clay mineral-based photocatalysts, highlighting their effectiveness in degrading organic contaminants under light exposure. Nevertheless, there are persisting challenges such as the optimization of loading quantities, improvement in compatibility between clay minerals and photocatalysts, and reduction in preparation costs for large-scale applications. In summary, this review offers valuable insights into the current status of clay mineral-based photocatalysts for water purification, thereby stimulating future research in this promising field.
Na-kenyaite materials are available in nature and can easily be prepared in the laboratory. These materials exhibit interesting adsorption properties; therefore, they can be invested in the new wastewater treatment technologies. This study investigates the removal of basic blue-41 (BB-41) dye from artificially contaminated water using Na-kenyaite materials in batch mode. Firstly, Na-kenyaites were prepared by the hydrothermal process at a temperature of 150 to 170 °C for a period of 2 to 7 days using different silica sources and ratios of SiO2/NaOH/H2O. The prepared materials were characterized by different techniques such as XRD, FTIR, 29Si MAS NMR, TGA/DTA, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption isotherms. A pure Na-kenyaite phase was successfully obtained using a fumed silica source and 5SiO2/Na2O/122H2O ratio. The removal experiments of basic blue-41 estimated the effectiveness of Na-kenyaites in removing properties, investigating the influence of the solid dosage, initial basic blue-41 concentration, and solution pH or Na-kenyaite solid. Results showed optimal dye removal of around 99% at pH levels above 7. Furthermore, the estimated maximum removal capacity from the Langmuir isotherm was between 124 and 165 mg/g. The results demonstrated efficient removal by Na-kenyaites and its prominence for wastewater treatment. Finally, this study explored the regeneration and reuse of Na-kenyaites through seven cycles and reported a design of a batch adsorber system to reduce the initial concentration of 200 mg/L at different percentages.
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