Organizational Behaviour in 21st Century 'Theory A' for Managing People for Performance

Abstract

Theory X, Theory Y and Theory Z in organizational behaviour (OB) are related to human motivation and management. Theory X and Y were coined by Douglas McGregor in the late 1960s, says that the average human being is lazy and self-centred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. The corresponding managerial approach emphasizes total control. Theory Y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of themselves and of their environment. They long to grow and assume responsibility. Theory Z of Dr. William Ouchi's also called "Japanese Management" focused on increasing employee loyalty to the company by providing a job for life with a strong focus on the wellbeing of the employee, both on and off the job. The above theories were developed based on research conducted in various production related organizations in the 20 th century. But in the 21 st century, changes in business models, automation of production process, changes in technology & business environment, and changes in people's perception, are transforming organizations into global entities. In the context of emergence of service industries and global e-business organizations, these are no longer applicable and need modification. In this paper, we have made an attempt to relook into human motivational theories and developed a new Organizational Attitude Theory called "Theory of Accountability" (Theory A). The four major constructs of Theory A are fixing Responsibility, maintaining Accountability, continuous Monitoring, and fulfilling pre-determined Target (RAMT). In this paper, some of the existing theories of organizational behaviour are examined and basic postulates and detailed organizational model for Theory A is depicted.

Implementation Strategies of Higher Education Part of National Education Policy 2020 of India towards Achieving its Objectives

“…(18) The proposal is innovative and supportive to break the silos of the existing system. (19) Multiple entries and multiple exits in the under-graduate system allow students to redefine their career path based on their interest and external opportunities. (20) Quality of B.Ed.…”

Analysis of the Indian National Education Policy 2020 towards Achieving its Objectives

“…The new education policy focus on merit-based promotions which depend on faculty members annual performance indicator score with major portion depends on their performance in research and publications or patent to contribute to the IPR of the organization and hence of the country. Thus, the accountability of every faculty member in higher education system depends on their research productivity for a given time period [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. (6) Autonomy at all Levels :…”

Theory A for Optimizing Human Productivity

“…Accountability should be fixed to both individuals and teams in order to ensure success in given task. The functional elements of Accountability Theory (Theory A) are [10][11] : (1) Planning -Institutional assessment, problem identification, and joint policy formulation. Based on Focus group method and its effective usage in different research model proposals, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], a set of postulates have been developed to model theory A [10].…”

“…[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. The ABCD listing on theory A has been attempted earlier [10] and in this discussion, we have used SWOC analysis for the qualitative listing of strength, weakness, opportunities, and challenges of theory A.…”