Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas in the Macaque Monkey

Essen, David C. Van; Maunsell, John H. R.; Bixby, J. L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5814-8_6

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Although the primate brain contains over 30 distinct visual areas (Van Essen, 2004), we 66 experience a unified perceptual view of the world in the blink of an eye. How the brain 67 executes this feat of combining information across spatially separate areas with 68 millisecond precision, rendering our visual world stable and whole, remains an open 69 question.…”

Section: Introduction 65mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of oscillatory brain activity in object processing and figure–ground segmentation in human vision

Kinsey

Anderson

Hadjipapas

et al. 2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Section: Introduction 65mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of oscillatory brain activity in object processing and figure–ground segmentation in human vision

Kinsey

Anderson

Hadjipapas

et al. 2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…One reliable criterion for identifying early and intermediate visual areas is topographic organization (Kaas, 2004;Van Essen, 2004). In addition, topographic organization is itself a suitable substrate for many spatiotemporal neural computations (Kaas, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topographic Organization in and near Human Visual Area V4

Hansen¹,

Kay²,

Gallant³

2007

J. Neurosci.

147

160

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The existence and location of a human counterpart of macaque visual area V4 are disputed. To resolve this issue, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to obtain topographic maps from human subjects, using visual stimuli and tasks designed to maximize accuracy of topographic maps of the fovea and parafovea and to measure the effects of attention on topographic maps. We identified multiple topographic transitions, each clearly visible in Ն75% of the maps, that we interpret as boundaries of distinct cortical regions. We call two of these regions dorsal V4 and ventral V4 (together comprising human area V4) because they share several defining characteristics with the macaque regions V4d and V4v (which together comprise macaque area V4). Ventral V4 is adjacent to V3v, and dorsal V4 is adjacent to parafoveal V3d. Ventral V4 and dorsal V4 meet in the foveal confluence shared by V1, V2, and V3. Ventral V4 and dorsal V4 represent complementary regions of the visual field, because ventral V4 represents the upper field and a subregion of the lower field, whereas dorsal V4 represents lower-field locations that are not represented by ventral V4. Finally, attentional modulation of spatial tuning is similar across dorsal and ventral V4, but attention has a smaller effect in V3d and V3v and a larger effect in a neighboring lateral occipital region.

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“…Several published studies have reported the absence of neuronal loss in primary visual cortex, but this conclusion is limited in a number of ways. For example, these studies sampled a limited number of subjects (e.g., from 5 to 14 subjects total; O'Kusky and Colonnier,1982; Vincent et al,1989; Peters and Sethares,1993; Suner and Rakic,1996; Peters et al,1997; Hof et al,2000), did not fully examine gender differences in their measures (only females: O'Kusky and Colonnier,1982; only males: Suner and Rakic,1996), did not sample the entire adult lifespan (only young: O'Kusky and Colonnier,1982; Suner and Rakic,1996; only young and old but not middle aged: Vincent et al,1989; Peters et al,1997; Hof et al,2000), and only sampled very limited parts of the primary visual cortex and/or limited cell types (e.g., a 250‐μm strip of the lateral operculum: Vincent et al,1989; Peters et al,1997; layer IVB and Meynert cells: Hof et al,2000; Meynert cells: Peters and Sethares,1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A stereological study of the numbers of neurons and glia in the primary visual cortex across the lifespan of male and female rhesus monkeys

Giannaris

Rosene

2012

J of Comparative Neurology

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Mild age-related declines in visual function occur in humans and monkeys, independent of ocular pathology, suggesting involvement of central visual pathways (Spear, 1993). While many factors might account for this decline, a loss of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) could be a contributing factor. Previous studies of neuron numbers in V1 reported stability across age, but were limited in the ages and genders studied and sampled only limited parts of V1 or limited cell types, allowing for the possibility of a subtle loss of neurons. We pursued this question in 26 behaviorally tested adult male and female rhesus monkeys ranging from 7.4 to 31.0 years of age using design-based stereology to estimate numbers of NeuN-labeled neurons and thionin-stained glia within three laminar zones, supragranular (layers II–IVB), granular (IVC), and infragranular (V–VI), across the entirety of V1. There were no significant differences between males and females on any measures, except for total brain weight (p=0.0038). There was an average of 416,000,000 neurons in V1, but no effect of age on this total or numbers within any laminar zone. Similarly, there was an average of 184,000,000 glia in V1 (44% the number of neurons), but no effect of age on this total. However, there was a significant age-related increase in numbers of glia in the infragranular zone, perhaps reflecting a glial response to pathology in myelinated projection fibers. This study provides further evidence that in normal aging neurons are not lost and hence cannot account for age-related dysfunction.

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Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas in the Macaque Monkey

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

The role of oscillatory brain activity in object processing and figure–ground segmentation in human vision

The role of oscillatory brain activity in object processing and figure–ground segmentation in human vision

Topographic Organization in and near Human Visual Area V4

A stereological study of the numbers of neurons and glia in the primary visual cortex across the lifespan of male and female rhesus monkeys

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