Organization of an echinoderm
            <i>Hox</i>
            gene cluster

Martinez, Pedro; Rast, Jonathan P.; Arenas-Mena, César; Davidson, Eric H.

doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1469

Cited by 78 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Amphioxus has a single Hox cluster containing most probably a full set of 13 Hox genes, although the presence of Hox13 is not yet confirmed. Moreover, it is likely that other protovertebrate clades in the deuterostome lineage such as the acorn worm (Saccoglossus kowalevskii) and the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) have single clusters (5,32). The lamprey (Petromyzon marinus and Lampetra planeri) has been reported to have at least three Hox clusters (33,34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hox cluster genomics in the horn shark, Heterodontus francisci

Kim

Amemiya

Bailey

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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Reconstructing the evolutionary history of Hox cluster origins will lead to insights into the developmental and evolutionary significance of Hox gene clusters in vertebrate phylogeny and to their role in the origins of various vertebrate body plans. We have isolated two Hox clusters from the horn shark, Heterodontus francisci. These have been sequenced and compared with one another and with other chordate Hox clusters. The results show that one of the horn shark clusters (HoxM) is orthologous to the mammalian HoxA cluster and shows a structural similarity to the amphioxus cluster, whereas the other shark cluster (HoxN) is orthologous to the mammalian HoxD cluster based on cluster organization and a comparison with noncoding and Hox genecoding sequences. The persistence of an identifiable HoxA cluster over an 800-million-year divergence time demonstrates that the Hox gene clusters are highly integrated and structured genetic entities. The data presented herein identify many noncoding sequence motifs conserved over 800 million years that may function as genetic control motifs essential to the developmental process.T he Hox gene clusters, first described in Drosophila as the Antenapedia and Bithorax clusters, control pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis in bilateral animals (1). There is a single Hox gene cluster in all invertebrate species reported to date (2-5). In contrast, multiple Hox clusters have been reported in all vertebrate species examined (6-9). Reconstructing the evolutionary history of vertebrate Hox cluster duplication is necessary to identify orthologous clusters in different vertebrate species, to establish phylogenetic relationships among and between clades, and to elucidate the role of Hox cluster duplication in the vertebrate radiation.We have isolated two genomic clones containing Hox clusters from the primitive horn shark, Heterodontus francisci. One (Het1) is 81.2 kilobases (kb) in length, and the other (Het2) is 98.8 kb. Both have been sequenced completely and compared inter se and with other vertebrate Hox sequences. The Heterodontus Hox cluster data reported herein provide definitive map positions for the Hox genes within the shark clusters as well as extensive sequence information in coding and noncoding domains. Materials and MethodsGenomic DNA Sequencing. Nucleotide sequences were primarily determined by using the shotgun method, and unsequenced gaps were filled by the primer walking method (10). Two distinct dye termination kits (dRhodamine terminator cycle sequencing kit and BigDye terminator cycle sequencing kit, Perkin-Elmer) were used and analyzed by a 377 PRISM DNA sequencer (Perkin-Elmer). Regions covered with only one shotgun clone were resequenced with the other dye termination kit. The entire sequencing region was ensured by covering at least one highly reliable reading (Ͻ550-nucleotides-long from a sequencing primer). For regions covered by unidirectional readings or covered by less than three readings, all the sequence trace patterns were inspected to elimina...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a single Hox gene cluster in all invertebrate species reported to date (2)(3)(4)(5). In contrast, multiple Hox clusters have been reported in all vertebrate species examined (6)(7)(8)(9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Hox cluster genomics in the horn shark, Heterodontus francisci

Kim

Amemiya

Bailey

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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“…Nonchordate Hox clusters have been reported with Drosophila (Lewis, 1978;Von Allmen et al, 1996), mosquito (Devenport et al, 2000;Powers et al, 2000), red flour beetle (Brown et al, 2002), silk moth (Ueno et al, 1992), a grasshopper (Ferrier and Akam, 1996), nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (Wang et al, 1993;Van Auken et al, 2000), ribbon worm (Kmita-Cunisse et al, 1998), and sea urchin (Popodi et al, 1996;Martinez et al, 1999). Of these bilaterians, vertebrates have multiple Hox clusters, whereas all invertebrate species that have been examined contain a single Hox gene cluster.…”

Section: Organization Of Ascidian Hox Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organization of Hox genes in ascidians: Present, past, and future

Ikuta

Saiga

2005

Developmental Dynamics

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“…The available data do not help to resolve the issue. Published and available data on Agnathans, Urochordates, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates suggest multiple posterior genes PGs9-13: at least five in Agnatans (Fried et al, 2003), up to six in Urochordates (Spagnuolo et al, 2003;Seo et al, 2004), at least four in Echinoderms (Martínez et al, 1999), and at least three in Hemichordates (Peterson, 2004). Posterior Flexibility, again, hampers the resolution of the particular relationships between deuterostomian posterior genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hox, ParaHox, ProtoHox: facts and guesses

Garcia‐Fernàndez

2004

Heredity

122

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The Hox gene cluster has captivated the imagination of evolutionary and developmental biologists worldwide. In this review, the origin of the Hox and ParaHox gene clusters by duplication of a ProtoHox gene cluster, and the changes in their gene numbers in major Metazoan Transitions are reviewed critically. Re-evaluation of existing data and recent findings in Cnidarians, Acoels, and critical stages of vertebrate evolution suggest alternative scenarios for the origin, structure, and changes in Hox gene numbers in relevant events of Metazoan evolution. I discuss opposing views and propose that (i) the ProtoHox cluster had only two genes, and not four as commonly believed: a corollary is that the origin of Bilaterians was coincident with the invention of new Hox and ParaHox gene classes, which may have facilitated such a transition; (ii) the ProtoHox cluster duplication was a cis duplication event, rather than a trans duplication event, as previously suggested, and (iii) the ancestral vertebrate cluster possessed 14 Hox genes, and not the 13 generally assumed. These hypotheses could be verified or refuted in the near future, but they may help critical discussion of the evolution of the Hox/ParaHox family in the metazoan kingdom. Heredity (2005) 94, 145-152.

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Organization of an echinoderm Hox gene cluster

Cited by 78 publications

References 38 publications

Hox cluster genomics in the horn shark, Heterodontus francisci

Hox cluster genomics in the horn shark, Heterodontus francisci

Organization of Hox genes in ascidians: Present, past, and future

Hox, ParaHox, ProtoHox: facts and guesses

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