Organization and functioning of the neuroendocrine system

Abstract

Recent progress in neuroendocrinology provided a basis for the formulation of the integral strategy for the systemic treatment of endocrine diseases. This review presents experimental and clinical evidence of the presence in the hypothalamus of specific receptors of hormones produced by the peripheral endocrine glands and trophic pituitary hormones. Synthesis of specific hypothalamic substances (releasing hormones) maintains the interplay between the neural and endocrine structures. The positive and negative feedback mechanisms in the body ensure the stable functioning of all its organs and systems.

Some behavior features of a female Panthera pardus tulliana during pregnancy and at first parturitions

“…In recent years, interest in the problem of the effect of sex hormones on neurons and brain neuroglia has increased. According to Wunder (1973), Rozen (1983), Zadvornaya (2012), Babichev (2013), Akhmadeev and Kalimullina (2016), in animals, the increased estrogens secretion precedes the estrous onset. Under the influence of estrogens, the brain eroticization, the awakening and aggravation of the sexual instinct, coordination of sexual behavior of females, the enhancement of her receptive components occur.…”

“…Under the influence of estrogens, the brain eroticization, the awakening and aggravation of the sexual instinct, coordination of sexual behavior of females, the enhancement of her receptive components occur. It has been shown (Babichev 2013;Etgen 2003;Hussain et al 2011;Tang et al 2004;Tetel 2009;Toran-Allerand 2005) that sex steroids affect many specific structures of the animal's brain both inside the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system (HPGS) and outside it, modulating behavioral responses therein.…”

Behaviour features of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) during different stages of the estrous cycle

“…Due to this fact, in recent years the interest in the problem of the influence of sex hormones on neurons and neuroglia of the brain has grown. According to Vunder (1973), Rozen (1984), Babichev (2013) the increased secretion of estrogens in animals precedes to the onset of estrus. Under the influence of estrogen, there occur eroticisation of the brain, awakening and exacerbation of the sexual instinct, as well as the co-ordination of the female sexual behaviour and the increasing of her receptive components.…”

“…Under the influence of estrogen, there occur eroticisation of the brain, awakening and exacerbation of the sexual instinct, as well as the co-ordination of the female sexual behaviour and the increasing of her receptive components. Some authors (Etgen, 2003;Babichev, 2013) demonstrate that sex steroids influence the behaviour of animals. These affect on many of the specific brain structures as within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system (HPGS) as well as outside it.…”

“…According to the results of many researchers (Etgen, 2003;Tang et al, 2004;Toran-Allerand, 2005;Tetel, 2009;Hussainet al, 2011;Kelli & Mermelstein, 2011;Babichev, 2013), sex steroids are not only able to penetrate through the blood-brain barrier, but also to influence the brain structures, lying outside the hypothalamic region (hippocampus, neocortex, the forebrain region, substantia nigra, etc. ).…”