Organic vapor phase deposition: a new method for the growth of organic thin films with large optical non-linearities

Burrows, P. E.; Forrest, S. R.; Sapochak, Linda S.; Schwartz, Jeffrey; Fenter, Paul; Buma, T. J.; Ban, Vladimir S.; Forrest, J.L.

doi:10.1016/0022-0248(95)00310-x

Cited by 61 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is interesting to note that room temperature hole mobility of 2.4 cm 2 /Vs of vapor-grown pentacene films [273][274][275][276][277] containing the grain sizes larger than the channel length reached fairly close to the mobility of 3.2 and 2.7 cm 2 /Vs [274,276,277] reported in vapor-grown pentacene single crystals. This also explains the upper limit of charge carrier mobility in OS crystals determined by room temperature TOF experiment [278] falling in the range of 1 to 10 cm 2 /Vs.…”

Section: Historical Development Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The efficacy of removing unwanted impurities is accordingly very high, medium, and low in UHV, HV, and LV environments, respectively. Besides, carrier gas is also used in transporting the organic molecules from the source to the substrate [273,275,277], where the substrate temperature and deposition rate are the two parameters that critically influence the thin-film morphology and the transport characteristics of OFETs [291,292] prepared from the material so grown. Ultrahigh purity precursors and ultraclean substrates ultimately ensure the overall quality of an OFET, as they directly affect the charge carrier accumulation, which are generally confined to first few monolayers of the OS at the interface with the insulator [1,278].…”

Section: High-mobility Os Thin Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic semiconductors for device applications: current trends and future prospects

Ahmad

2014

Journal of Polymer Engineering

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Abstract:With the rich experience of developing silicon devices over a period of the last six decades, it is easy to assess the suitability of a new material for device applications by examining charge carrier injection, transport, and extraction across a practically realizable architecture; surface passivation; and packaging and reliability issues besides the feasibility of preparing mechanically robust wafer/substrate of single-crystal or polycrystalline/ amorphous thin films. For material preparation, parameters such as purification of constituent materials, crystal growth, and thin-film deposition with minimum defects/ disorders are equally important. Further, it is relevant to know whether conventional semiconductor processes, already known, would be useable directly or would require completely new technologies. Having found a likely candidate after such a screening, it would be necessary to identify a specific area of application against an existing list of materials available with special reference to cost reduction considerations in large-scale production. Various families of organic semiconductors are reviewed here, especially with the objective of using them in niche areas of large-area electronic displays, flexible organic electronics, and organic photovoltaic solar cells. While doing so, it appears feasible to improve mobility and stability by adjusting π-conjugation and modifying the energy bandgap. Higher conductivity nanocomposites, formed by blending with chemically conjugated C-allotropes and metal nanoparticles, open exciting methods of designing flexible contact/interconnects for organic and flexible electronics as can be seen from the discussion included here.

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Section: Historical Development Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: High-mobility Os Thin Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic semiconductors for device applications: current trends and future prospects

Ahmad

2014

Journal of Polymer Engineering

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“…17 To form homogenous thin films on large areas, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) technology can be used. 18 In this work, we report on the deposition of the molecule K12 in single layers as well as in bilayer devices consisting of a PEN/K12 heterojunction on indium tin oxide (ITO) by OVPD (right inset of Fig. 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pentacene/K12 solar cells formed by organic vapor phase deposition

et al. 2014

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Abstract. This study reports on an organic solar cell structure utilizing K12 as a new low-temperature processable small-molecule acceptor material. Pentacene (PEN) and K12 were deposited onto indium tin oxide by means of organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) as bilayer solar cells. The resulting solar cell was characterized electrically by current density-voltage (J − V) measurements and optically by photocurrent and reflectivity measurements. The J − V characteristic under AM 1.5 illumination indicates a short-circuit current of 0.45 mA∕cm 2 (J sc ), a fill factor of 38% (FF), and an open-circuit (V oc ) voltage of 0.71 V. Current generation is found to predominantly occur in the K12 layer, although strong light absorption in the PEN layer is detected. We suggest that either a dipole shift between the layers or the fission of singlet excitons in the PEN layer leads to this observation. Although the efficiency of the device is low in combination with PEN, our experiment successfully demonstrates the use of K12 as a lowtemperature acceptor material in OVPD processes.

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“…[37±42] Other aspects such as polymorphism are also discussed. Recent reports of functional systems incorporating molecular films include light-emitting diodes (LEDs), [43±48] lasers, [49] magnetic shielding materials, [50] nonlinear optical materials, [51] field-effect transistors (FETs), [36,52±56] rectifying junctions, [57,58] photovoltaic devices, [59,60] and biosensors. [61,62] Thin organic films are usually obtained by organic chemicalvapor deposition (OCVD), [6,63,64] physical vacuum deposition (PVD), [65±68] organic vapor-phase deposition (OVPD), [69] organic molecular-beam deposition (OMBD), [70±73] co-evaporation, [74,75] Langmuir±Blodgett (LB) [76] and self-assembled monolayers (SAM) techniques, [77,78] and electrochemical crystallization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on Thin Molecular Organic Films

Fraxedas¹

2002

Adv. Mater.

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The engineering versatility of molecular organic materials, together with their attractive electronic, magnetic, and optical properties, have triggered their preparation as thin films in the last years. Although the interactions between molecules and inorganic substrates are rather weak (van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, etc.), the crystallographic phase, the type and degree of orientation, and the morphology of the resulting films critically depend on the interface and the kinetics of growth. The control of the structure and morphology of the films is thus essential when envisioning practical applications. The relevance of interfaces in the growth and doping of films is discussed, and the phenomenology of polymorphism is explored. Additional issues such as the mechanical properties are also addressed. The figure, showing a scanning tunneling microscopy image of a monolayer of bis(ethylenedithio)‐tetrathiafulvalene on a Au(111) substrate, illustrates the interface issue.

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Organic vapor phase deposition: a new method for the growth of organic thin films with large optical non-linearities

Cited by 61 publications

References 6 publications

Organic semiconductors for device applications: current trends and future prospects

Organic semiconductors for device applications: current trends and future prospects

Pentacene/K12 solar cells formed by organic vapor phase deposition

Perspectives on Thin Molecular Organic Films

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