Organic Synthesis by Catalysis with Ion-Exchange Resins

Abstract

This review is intended to give a wide scope on the uses of ion-exchange resins as catalysts or catalyst precursors in organic synthesis, for the preparation of fine or intermediate chemicals. Twelve families of reaction have been covered and presented according to the molecules to be synthesized, regardless of the anionic or cationic nature of the resins; thus, ∼300 references have been selected from January 1980. In acid-catalyzed reactions, the contribution of both Lewis acidity and Bro ¨nsted acidity are mentioned, and, when available, some aspects related to the stability or the recycling of the catalysts are reported. In base-catalyzed reactions, the importance of the thermal stability of anionic resins has been underlined. A table that is included as an appendix provides some data on the resins quoted here.

Porous polymer particles—A comprehensive guide to synthesis, characterization, functionalization and applications

“…Toxic heavy metals can also be removed from water thanks to their high affinity to polar groups such as carboxylates. Later, it has been discovered that this metal complexing ability of ion-exchange resins can be used in heterogeneous catalysis [399]. Once the resin is loaded with the desired metal, the organic transformation can be realized either in batch [400] or in a continuous process.…”

Overview of the Development of the Fluoropolymer Industry

“…Nafion is a fluoropolymer containing sulfonate groups onto a tetrafluoroethylene backbone ( Figure 6) [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. It is the first of a class of synthetic polymers with ionic properties which are called ionomers.…”

Azolium-based systems: application of an anion exchange resin (A- form) method and 1H NMR analysis of the charged-assisted (C–H)+•anion hydrogen bonds

“…Applications of ion-exchange resins to a variety of chemical reactions have proven to be extremely useful in different chemical fields such as organic synthesis, catalysis and industrial applications 21,22 as well as chemistry in flow systems. 23 The anion exchange resin (N 3¯ form) can be used both for the halide exchange like for nucleophilic substitution reactions.…”