Organic Super‐Acceptors with Efficient Intramolecular Charge‐Transfer Interactions by [2+2] Cycloadditions of TCNE, TCNQ, and F₄‐TCNQ to Donor‐Substituted Cyanoalkynes

Abstract

Rivaling the best one: Thermal [2+2] cycloadditions of TCNE, TCNQ, and F(4)-TCNQ to N,N-dimethylanilino-substituted cyanoalkynes afforded a new class of organic super-acceptors featuring efficient intramolecular charge-transfer interactions. These acceptors rival the acceptor F(4)-TCNQ in the propensity for reversible electron uptake as well as in electron affinity (see figure), which makes them interesting as p-type dopants for potential application in optoelectronic devices.Thermal [2+2] cycloadditions of tetracyanoethene (TCNE), 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F(4)-TCNQ) to N,N-dimethylanilino-substituted (DMA-substituted) alkynes bearing either nitrile, dicyanovinyl (DCV; -CH==C(CN)(2)), or tricyanovinyl (TCV; -C(CN)==C(CN)(2)) functionalities, followed by retro-electrocyclization, afforded a new class of stable organic super-acceptors. Despite the nonplanarity of these acceptors, as revealed by X-ray crystallographic analysis and theoretical calculations, efficient intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) interactions between the DMA donors and the CN-containing acceptor moieties are established. The corresponding CT bands appear strongly bathochromically shifted with maxima up to 1120 nm (1.11 eV) accompanied by an end-absorption in the near infrared around 1600 nm (0.78 eV) for F(4)-TCNQ adducts. Electronic absorption spectra of selected acceptors were nicely reproduced by applying the spectroscopy oriented configuration interaction (SORCI) procedure. The electrochemical investigations of these acceptors by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disc voltammetry (RDV) in CH(2)Cl(2) identified their remarkable propensity for reversible electron uptake rivaling the benchmark compounds TCNQ (E(red,1)=-0.25 V in CH(2)Cl(2) vs. Fc(+)/Fc) and F(4)-TCNQ (E(red,1)=+0.16 V in CH(2)Cl(2) vs. Fc(+)/Fc). Furthermore, the electron-accepting power of these new compounds expressed as adiabatic electron affinity (EA) has been estimated by theoretical calculations and compared to the reference acceptor F(4)-TCNQ, which is used as a p-type dopant in the fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and solar cells. A good linear correlation exists between the calculated EAs and the first reduction potentials E(red,1). Despite the substitution with strong DMA donors, the predicted EAs reach the value calculated for F(4)-TCNQ (4.96 eV) in many cases, which makes the new acceptors interesting for potential applications as dopants in organic optoelectronic devices. The first example of a charge-transfer salt between the DMA-substituted TCNQ adduct (E(red,1)=-0.27 V vs. Fc(+)/Fc) and the strong electron donor decamethylferrocene ([FeCp*(2)]; Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienide; E(ox,1)=-0.59 V vs. Fc(+)/Fc) is described. Interestingly, the X-ray crystal structure showed that in the solid state the TCNQ moiety in the acceptor underwent reductive sigma-dimerization upon reaction with the donor.

Postfunctionalization of aromatic polyamine by [2+2] cycloaddition of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane with side chain alkynes

“…A similar result was observed for the postfunctionalization of polythiophene derivatives [25]. This study also suggested that the use of stronger acceptor molecules, such as 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and its derivatives [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], is effective for the dramatic lowering of the LUMO levels or the enhancement of the n-type characteristics.…”

A Small Molecule Non‐fullerene Electron Acceptor for Organic Solar Cells

“…[ 2 ] In contrast, comparatively little effort has been focused on the development of non-fullerene small molecule acceptors. [12][13][14][15][16][17] The highest reported effi ciency of a non-fullerene with the donor polymer P3HT is only 2%. [ 14 ] This raises the question: are fullerenes and their derivatives the ultimate electron accepting compounds for use in OPV?…”

Third- and high-order nonlinear optical properties of an intramolecular charge-transfer compound

“…The compound shows two well-dened reversible one-electron reduction steps with the rst electron transfer occurring at À0.51 V to À0.35 V and the second one at À0.38 V to À0.22 V (using the Ag/Ag + electrode couple as the internal standard), occurring on the C](CN) 2 moieties of the molecule. [20][21][22] The oxidation steps occurring on the aniline moieties are irreversible, as shown in the CV curves. Optimized geometry of the compound calculated from the B3LYP functional 6-31G(d,p) within the DFT level [45][46][47][48] shows the greatly twisted conguration of the charge-transfer moieties and the slight distortion in the OPV 3 bridge.…”