Organic solar cells using inverted layer sequence

Simple experimental test to distinguish extraction and injection barriers at the electrodes of (organic) solar cells with S-shaped current–voltage characteristics

“…[20] an inverted geometry [21] is presented with the layer sequence glass substrate/metal cathode (80 nm)/TQ1:PCBM (80 nm)/PEDOT anode. Whereas the reference solar cell with Ti/Al(80 nm)/Ti(2 nm) cathode shows good performance (fill factor of 0.53) [20], the device without the titanium interlayer exhibits a huge S-kink despite similar work functions [22] of Al and Ti [ Fig.…”

“…4(a)]. Although prepared in a glove box (oxygen content lower than 5 ppm), the Al surface is suspected to be oxidized [21]. Normalized J-V data for varied illumination intensities are shown in Fig.…”

Organic Photovoltaics: Technologies and Manufacturing

“…Normally, Jsc does not change much with increasing of Rs, and only starts to change with very large values of Rs (Servaites et al, 2010), as in this case. Improving the conductivity of such polymeric electrode is possible by combining it with a metal grid, which is either thermally evaporated through micro structured shadow masks (Zimmermann et al, 2007;Glatthaar et al, 2005) or patterned by a lithographic method (Zou et al, 2010;Tvingstedt & Inganäs, 2007). However, photolithography is a complex and time consuming multiple step process, which requires expensive facilities.…”

Progress in Organic Photovoltaic Fibers Research

“…To alleviate limitations arised from ITO, alternative materials are needed to replace transparent conducting electrode. There are some approaches such as using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (Rowell et al, 2006;Glatthaar et al, 2005;(Celik) Bedeloglu et al, 2011;Dresselhaus et al, 2001), graphenes (Eda et al, 2008), different conductive polymers (i.e. PEDOT:PSS and its mixtures (Ouyang et al, 2005;Kushto et al, 2005;Huang et al, 2006;Ahlswede et al, 2008;Zhou et al, 2008), metallic grids (Tvingstedt & Inganäs, 2007;Kang et al, 2008), nanowires (Lee et al, 2008) for potential candidates to substitute ITO layer and to perform as hole collecting electrode.…”

“…A nanotube has a diameter of a few nanometers and from a few nanometers to centimeters in length. Carbon nanotubes can be classified into two groups according to the number of combinations that form their walls: Single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) Recently, CNTs are used in solar cells and can substitute ITO as a transparent electrode in organic solar cells (Rowell et al, 2006;Glatthaar et al, 2005;(Celik) Bedeloglu et al, 2011;Dresselhaus et al, 2001). In the organic solar cell, the photoactive layer, light absorbing layer, is formed by combination of electron donor (p) and an electron accepting (n) materials (Deibel & Dyakonov, 2010) C 60 , its derivatives and Perylen pigments are mostly used as electron accepting materials.…”