Organic Osmolytes in the Brain of an Infant with Hypernatremia

Lee, Jun Young; Arcinue, Edgardo L.; Ross, Brian D.

doi:10.1056/nejm199408183310704

Cited by 148 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Although in vivo the portal blood may only become slightly hypoosmotic after ingestion of water, 32 hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic states with plasma osmolarities of 400 mosm/L and 200 mosm/L caused by hypernatremia and hyponatremia, respectively, have been documented in clinical medicine. 33,34 Indeed, hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disturbance and is attributed to either primary vasopressin excess or secondary vasopressin stimulation involving baroreceptor mechanisms. 35 The latter is regularly found in cirrhosis and is associated with a shift in the osmotic setpoint to lower values.…”

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confidence: 99%

Organic osmolyte transport in quiescent and activated rat hepatic stellate cells (ito cells)

et al. 1999

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Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) results in multiple alterations of cell function, but nothing is known about organic osmolytes in these cells. Organic osmolyte transport and transporter messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was studied in quiescent rat HSCs and after their transformation into ␣ 1 -smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblastlike cells. Quiescent stellate cells expressed in an osmosensitive manner the mRNA levels of the transporters for taurine (TAUT) and myoinositol (SMIT), whereas that for betaine was not detectable. However, these cells showed osmosensitive uptake not only of taurine and myoinositol but also of betaine. Osmosensitive betaine uptake was mediated by amino acid transport system A. After transformation into myofibroblasts, taurine and myoinositol uptake increased 5.5-fold and 4.5-fold, respectively, together with the respective transporter mRNA levels. Betaine uptake increased twofold because of osmosensitive induction of BGT1 expression. In both quiescent and activated HSCs, hypoosmotic cell swelling induced a rapid and 4,4Ј-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2Ј-disulphonic acid-sensitive osmolyte efflux. In quiescent HSCs, hyperosmotic exposure increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) level of cyclooxygenase-2, which was counteracted by taurine but not by betaine or myoinositol. The study identifies taurine, myoinositol, and betaine as osmolytes in HSCs. Transformation of HSCs is accompanied by enhanced osmolyte transport activity and induction of the BGT1 transporter, which may be another activation marker of HSCs. (HEPATOLOGY 1999;29: 173-180.)

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confidence: 99%

Organic osmolyte transport in quiescent and activated rat hepatic stellate cells (ito cells)

et al. 1999

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“…(6,42) The most important of these osmolytes can be quantified with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the brain of humans in vivo. (43,44) This was suggested to be valuable in guiding the therapy of hypernatremic patients. (44) As chronic hypernatremia is also associated with hypertriglyceridemia, we can assume that the rise of serum triglycerides parallels the accumulation of organic osmolytes in the brain of these patients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(43,44) This was suggested to be valuable in guiding the therapy of hypernatremic patients. (44) As chronic hypernatremia is also associated with hypertriglyceridemia, we can assume that the rise of serum triglycerides parallels the accumulation of organic osmolytes in the brain of these patients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertriglyceridemia in Infants and Children with Hypernatremia

Ahmed

Lutfi

2015

IJHS

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“…Elevated Myo reflects an increased population of glial cells, which are known to express higher levels of this metabolite than neurons (14). Myo is also considered to be a major brain osmolyte (12,13). This metabolite may be related to differences in the Myo/ Na + cotransporter activity that appears to play a key role in astrocyte osmoregulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evaluating the cerebral organic osmolytes via proton MR spectroscopy may be valuable for planning the optimal management of patients with CRF before and after hemodialysis (4,13). Although most CRF patients do not demonstrate abnormal signal intensities in the brain on conventional MR imaging and they do not display neuropsychiatric abnormalities, proton MR spectroscopy may be helpful to identify early changes in the cerebral metabolite patterns that occur prior to the onset of clinical symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of the Cerebral Metabolite Patterns in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis due to Chronic Renal Failure: Evaluation with Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Baik

et al. 2007

J Korean Radiol Soc

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Purpose:We wanted to evaluate the cerebral metabolites in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and who were undergoing hemodialysis by performing proton MR spectroscopy and we wanted to evaluate the correlation between the changes in the cerebral metabolite ratios and the duration after starting the initial hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: Proton MR spectroscopy was performed in 15 patients with CRF and who were undergoing hemodialysis and in ten healthy volunteers. The changes in N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), myo-inositol (Myo), glutamine/glutamate complex (Glx), and creatine (Cr) were analyzed. MR spectroscopy was performed before and after hemodialysis. Results: For the patients with CRF before hemodialysis, the Cho/Cr ratio in the gray matter (p<0.001) and the Myo/Cr ratio in both the gray and white matter (p<0.01) were significantly elevated compared with those in the control subjects. For the patients with CRF after hemodialysis, their Cho/Cr ratios were significantly reduced in both the gray and white matter compared with that before hemodialysis (p<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the Cho/Cr ratio and serum Cr in the gray matter of CRF patients after hemodialysis (r=0.54, p<0.05). The cerebral metabolite ratios were not significantly correlated with the duration after starting the initial hemodialysis. Conclusion: The cerebral metabolite patterns are significantly different between the patients with CRF and who are undergoing hemodialysis and the normal controls. The cerebral metabolite ratios are not significantly correlated with the duration after starting the initial hemodialysis.

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Organic Osmolytes in the Brain of an Infant with Hypernatremia

Cited by 148 publications

References 11 publications

Organic osmolyte transport in quiescent and activated rat hepatic stellate cells (ito cells)

Organic osmolyte transport in quiescent and activated rat hepatic stellate cells (ito cells)

Hypertriglyceridemia in Infants and Children with Hypernatremia

Changes of the Cerebral Metabolite Patterns in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis due to Chronic Renal Failure: Evaluation with Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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