Organic neuromorphic electronics for sensorimotor integration and learning in robotics

Krauhausen, Imke; Koutsouras, Dimitrios A.; Melianas, Armantas; Keene, Scott T.; Lieberth, Katharina; Ledanseur, Hadrien; Sheelamanthula, Rajendar; Giovannitti, Alexander; Torricelli, Fabrizio; McCulloch, Iain; Blom, Paul W. M.; Salleo, Alberto; Burgt, Yoeri van de; Gkoupidenis, Paschalis

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl5068

Cited by 65 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…To correctly retrieve the signal envelope after amplification the signal of a clenched fist should be normalized using adaptive state 2 (Figure 3E, red line). While the two different gestures require a different amplification of the biosignals to correctly scale and retrieve the signal envelope, the adaptive nature of the neuromorphic inverter makes it generalizable to local processing applications such as smart autonomous robotics, [ 34 ] in‐sensor classification and prosthetic motion control, [ 19 ] or for further processing and classification in hardware‐based neural networks. [ 18 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Biosensing and Neuromorphic Classification Based on an Ambipolar Organic Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductor

Zhang

Doremaele

et al. 2022

Advanced Materials

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Organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) are central to bioelectronic applications such as biosensors, health‐monitoring devices, and neural interfaces, and have facilitated efficient next‐generation brain‐inspired computing and biohybrid systems. Despite these examples, smart and adaptive circuits that can locally process and optimize biosignals have not yet been realized. Here, a tunable sensing circuit is shown that can locally modulate biologically relevant signals like electromyograms (EMGs) and electrocardiograms (ECGs), that is based on a complementary logic inverter combined with a neuromorphic memory element, and that is constructed from a single polymer mixed conductor. It is demonstrated that a small neuromorphic array based on this material effects high classification accuracy in heartbeat anomaly detection. This high‐performance material allows for straightforward monolithic integration, which reduces fabrication complexity while also achieving high on/off ratios with excellent ambient p‐ and n‐type stability in transistor performance. This material opens a route toward simple and straightforward fabrication and integration of more sophisticated adaptive circuits for future smart bioelectronics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Biosensing and Neuromorphic Classification Based on an Ambipolar Organic Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductor

Zhang

Doremaele

et al. 2022

Advanced Materials

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“…Prospectively, the proposed approach can be extended to any iontronic transistor technology, opening new opportunities for the widespread adoption of low‐cost, sustainable, and high‐performance printing technologies in several fields including disposable devices for medical diagnostics, food and environmental monitoring, [ 76 ] on‐body sensor systems (e.g., smart patches and bandage), [ 77 ] bio‐robotics, wearables, and neuromorphic biointerfaces. [ 78 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1] Among electrolyte-gated transistors, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) rely on volumetric ion-modulation of the electronic current to provide low-voltage operation, large signal amplification, and enhanced sensing capabilities. [2] In the past few years, OECTs have demonstrated an ever-increasing capability of contributing to significant advancements in various application fields, including for example chemical, [3,4] physical, [5,6] and biological [7,8] sensors with enhanced sensitivity, lowvoltage digital circuits, [9][10][11][12] neuromorphic electronics, [13,14] electrophysiological signal recording with high signal-to-noise ratio, [15][16][17][18] real-time ion detection for health and environment monitoring, [19][20][21] in-vitro monitoring and recording of biological functionalities, [22][23][24][25] and bioinspired device functionalities. [26,27] Such a large palette of high-performance applications suggests that OECTs can be used for enhancing the objects' functionalities and augmenting the humans' capabilities, eventually improving our lifestyle and wellbeing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Bioelectronic Circuits Integrated on Biodegradable and Compostable Substrates with Fully Printed Mask‐Less Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Granelli

Alessandri

Gkoupidenis

et al. 2022

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Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) rely on volumetric ion‐modulation of the electronic current to provide low‐voltage operation, large signal amplification, enhanced sensing capabilities, and seamless integration with biology. The majority of current OECT technologies require multistep photolithographic microfabrication methods on glass or plastic substrates, which do not provide an ideal path toward ultralow cost ubiquitous and sustainable electronics and bioelectronics. At the same time, the development of advanced bioelectronic circuits combining bio‐detection, amplification, and local processing functionalities urgently demand for OECT technology platforms with a monolithic integration of high‐performance iontronic circuits and sensors. Here, fully printed mask‐less OECTs fabricated on thin‐film biodegradable and compostable substrates are proposed. The dispensing and capillary printing methods are used for depositing both high‐ and low‐viscosity OECT materials. Fully printed OECT unipolar inverter circuits with a gain normalized to the supply voltage as high as 136.6 V−1, and current‐driven sensors for ion detection and real‐time monitoring with a sensitivity of up to 506 mV dec−1, are integrated on biodegradable and compostable substrates. These universal building blocks with the top‐performance ever reported demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and can open opportunities for next‐generation high‐performance sustainable bioelectronics.

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“…Thanks to the recent progress in material design and device architectures, organic bioelectronic devices have been demonstrated in a number of brand-new applications, such as highsensitive pressure sensing, soft bioelectronics, and robotics. [35][36][37][38] Among them, electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs), are emerging as a highly versatile biosensing platform alternative to (or at least complementing) optical assays: thus far, EGOFETs have been explored for biosensing of clinically and environmentally relevant molecules such as nucleic acids, [39][40][41] inflammatory cytokines, [42][43][44] antidrug antibodies, [45] and even viruses. [46] EGOFETs are three-electrode devices, with source and drain bridged by an organic semiconductor (OSC) layer, which is separated from the third electrode, the gate, by an electrolyte that replaces conventional dielectric.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Neurofilament Light Chain with Label‐Free Electrolyte‐Gated Organic Field‐Effect Transistors

Solodka

Berto

Ferraro

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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proteins of the axonal cytoskeleton, belonging to the IV class of intermediate filaments that, according to their molecular weight, are classified into neurofilament heavy chain (NF-H, ≈200 kDa), neurofilament medium chain (NF-M, ≈145 kDa), and NF-L (≈68 kDa). All NF proteins are formed by a central α-helical rod region, a variable N-terminal domain, and a C-terminal tail highly variable in length. [3,4] NF monomers form parallel heterodimers through the association of the central rod region. Then, two dimers form an antiparallel tetramer, and eight tetramers associate in a cylindrical structure, which is the minimal repetitive unit of the neurofilament. Together with microfilaments (≈6-8 nm) and microtubules (≈24 nm), neurofilaments (≈10 nm) form the neuronal cytoskeleton, providing structural support to the cell. [4,5] The normal structure and assembled network of NFs is essential for neuronal function, as it has been shown that mutations in NF-L leading to protein aggregation or to a complete absence of protein are related to motor neuron impairment. [6,7] Following processes accompanied by neural damage, NF-L is released in significant amounts into the interstitial fluid and eventually into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, reaching abnormal levels. Therefore, CSF and blood NF-L levels could be used as a direct marker of neuronal damage, providing an indication of axonal injury, axonal loss, and neuronal death. [1,4] Neurofilaments are structural scaffolding proteins of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Upon axonal injury, the neurofilament light chain (NF-L) is released into the interstitial fluid and eventually reaches the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Therefore, NF-L is emerging as a biomarker of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. It is challenging to quantify NF-L in bodily fluids due to its low levels. This work reports the detection of NF-L in aqueous solutions with an organic electronic device. The biosensor is based on the electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor (EGOFET) architecture and can quantify NF-L down to sub-pM levels; thanks to modification of the device gate with anti-NF-L antibodies imparted with potentially controlled orientation. The response is fitted to the Guggenheim-Anderson-De Boer adsorption model to describe NF-L adsorption at the gate/electrolyte interface, to consider the formation of a strongly adsorbed protein layer bound to the antibody and the formation of weakly bound NF-L multilayers, an interpretation which is also backed up by morphological characterization via atomic force microscopy. The label-free, selective, and rapid response makes this EGOFET biosensor a promising tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of neuronal damages through the detection of NF-L in physio-pathological ranges.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202102341.

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Organic neuromorphic electronics for sensorimotor integration and learning in robotics

Abstract: A robot learns to follow a path to exit a maze through sensorimotor learning that is induced by an organic neuromorphic circuit.

Cited by 65 publications

References 43 publications

Adaptive Biosensing and Neuromorphic Classification Based on an Ambipolar Organic Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductor

Adaptive Biosensing and Neuromorphic Classification Based on an Ambipolar Organic Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductor

High‐Performance Bioelectronic Circuits Integrated on Biodegradable and Compostable Substrates with Fully Printed Mask‐Less Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Detection of Neurofilament Light Chain with Label‐Free Electrolyte‐Gated Organic Field‐Effect Transistors

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